Transformations of biomass-based levulinate ester into γ-valerolactone and pyrrolidones using carbon nanotubes-grafted N-heterocyclic carbene ruthenium complexes

Untangling the cobalt promotion role for ruthenium in sodium borohydride dehydrogenation with multiwalled carbon nanotube‐supported binary ruthenium cobalt catalyst

“…High-resolution XPS spectrum of Ru 3p in Figure 6C indicates the existence of Ru 0 (Ru 3p 3/2 at 463.0 eV and Ru 3p 1/2 at 485.5 eV) and RuO 2 (Ru 3p 3/2 at 465.0 eV and Ru 3p 1/2 at 489.7 eV). 47,48 The spectra of Co 2p 3/2 at 781 eV and Co 2p 1/2 at 797.2 depicted that Co was essentially in Co +2 form, and the Co 2p 3/2 peak observed at 780 eV was characteristic of Co +3 species. In addition, Co 2p spectra of all the samples have two peaks detected at 781.6 and 783.1 eV, respectively.…”

Sustainable access to renewable N-containing chemicals from reductive amination of biomass-derived platform compounds

“…Starting from LA or its esters, a -pyrrolidones could become accessible[110]. Especially, N-substituted-5-methyl-2-pyrrolidones, derived from the reductive amination of LA or its esters, are an important class of chemicals extensively applied in pharmaceuticals, surfactants, agrochemicals and dispersants and as commodity solvents in organic synthesis[111][112][113]. As depicted in Scheme 8, a three-step -pyrrolidone, but the former reaction pathway is prevailing in recent studies.…”

Exploring the Zn-regulated function in Co–Zn catalysts for efficient hydrogenation of ethyl levulinate to γ-valerolactone

“…At present, a variety of heterogeneous catalyst systems have been reported to catalyze the hydrogenation of EL to GVL, mainly including noble metal catalysts (such as Pd, Pt, Au, Ru, etc. ) 14,15 and non-noble metal catalysts (such as Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, etc. ).…”