Transformer Aging due to High Penetrations of PV, EV Charging, and Energy Storage Applications

McBee, Kerry D.

doi:10.1109/greentech.2017.30

Cited by 18 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…To promote stability and increase overall system efficiency, utilities and government agencies implement numerous programs to indirectly control residential generation and energy usage. For cases where the penetration of customer participation is high, substation transformers may experience operating conditions sufficient to lower existing capacity limits [6]. Substation transformer derating due to a DSM program was first documented in the publication by Staats, which attempted to address transformer capacity derating due to high penetrations of electric vehicle (EV) charging [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…High penetrations of PV systems, ES applications, and EV charging can severely modify the characteristics of a power transformer's daily load profile, which historically allowed for a cooling down period at some point during the day [1,2,6,8]. The new load profile, which is flatter than the historical profile, can possibly lead to increased operating temperatures given the same peak demand.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For operations beyond the established capacity limit, sustained internal temperatures beyond recommended IEEE limits can result in equipment damage and/or catastrophic failure [2]. The research performed by McBee illustrated how a flattened load profile will increase the aging of a 50 MVA SPX Waukesha power transformer due to increased temperatures at the hottest spot [6]. The goal of the research was to determine if high penetrations of PV, ES applications, and EV charging would affect the aging of a typical substation transformer in the US.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…C57.91-2011 [2]. The analysis revealed that given the same peak demand, a flattened profile can age transformer insulation at a rate 50% greater than expected [6]. With aging identified previously, the author's goal for this manuscript is to determine how to mitigate the excessive aging induced by high penetrations of PV, ES applications, and EV charging.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…C57.110 was utilized to identify load profile effects on internal temperatures and thereby capacity limits [6]. The derating and design parameter identification procedures were applied to the same 50 MVA, 118/14.3 kV, Z = 12%, SPX Waukesha transformer utilized to establish excessive transformer aging due to a flattened profile [6]. The model was built utilizing data from the SPX manufactured test report.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Demand Side Management Effects on Substation Transformer Capacity Limits

2019

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In high penetrations, demand side management (DMS) applications augment a substation power transformer’s load profile, which can ultimately affect the unit’s capacity limits. Energy storage (ES) applications reduce the evening peaking demand, while time-of-use rates incentivize end-users to charge electric vehicles overnight. The daily load profile is further augmented by high penetrations of photovoltaic (PV) systems, which reduce the midday demand. The resulting load profile exhibits a more flattened characteristic when compared to the historical cyclic profile. Although the initial impact of PV and ES applications may reduce a unit’s peak demand, long-term system planning and emergency conditions may require operation near or above the nameplate rating. Researchers have already determined that a flattened load profile excessively ages a unit’s dielectrics more rapidly. The focus of this research was to identify an approach for establishing new transformer capacity limits for units serving flattened load profiles with a high harmonic content. The analysis utilizes IEEE standards C57.91 and C57.110 to develop an aging model of a 50 MVA SPX Waukesha transformer. The results establish a guideline for determining transformer capacity limits for normal operation, long-term emergency operation, and short-term emergency operation when serving systems with high penetrations of DSM applications.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%