Transforming growth factor alpha-Pseudomonas exotoxin fusion protein prolongs survival of nude mice bearing tumor xenografts.

A Bispecific Enediyne-Energized Fusion Protein Containing Ligand-Based and Antibody-Based Oligopeptides against Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 Shows Potent Antitumor Activity

“…The "warhead" moiety LDM (∼11 kDa) was much smaller than conventional toxins used in the construction of immunotoxins, such as truncated Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE40, 40 kDa), ricin A (32 kDa), and diphtheria toxin (DT 389 , 43 kDa; refs. [34][35][36]. The smaller size would offer Ec-LDP-Hr-AE better solid tumor penetration and lower immunogenicity.…”

Activity of a recombinant transforming growth factor-α-Pseudomonas exotoxin hybrid protein against primary human tumor colony-forming units

“…This combination of "cell-targeting" and cell-killing properties makes TP40 potentially useful as an anticancer agent capable of killing EGF receptor bearing tumor cells. TP40 was recently shown to kill a variety of human cancer cell lines in vitro [15,16], and to prolong the survival of nude mice bearing human tumor cell line xenografts [18]. However, until now no information was available concerning the sensitivity and histologic spectrum of primary human tumor cells that are susceptible of TP40.…”

ERK1/2 activation by theC. elegansmuscarinic acetylcholine receptor GAR-3 in cultured mammalian cells involves multiple signaling pathways

“…We therefore examined whether EGFR is involved in the pathway of GAR-3-mediated ERK1/2 activation. For this purpose, we used HEK293 cells instead of CHO cells because CHO cells do not express endogenous EGFR (Heimbrook et al 1990;Tzahar et al 1996). When HEK293 cells were transiently transfected with gar-3 cDNA, carbachol evoked robust ERK1/2 activation ( Figure 3A).…”