Transforming growth factor β in bovine milk: concentration, stability and molecular mass forms

Rogers, Mary‐Louise; Goddard, C.; Regester, Geoffrey O.; Ballard, F. J.; Belford, David A.

doi:10.1677/joe.0.1510077

Cited by 59 publications

(51 citation statements)

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“…Also, TGF-β is present in physiologically relevant amounts (several nanograms per mililiter) in cow's milk. The bio-active form of TGF-β1 found in milk is largely conserved and TGF-β2 is identical to human TGF-β, and, interestingly, TGF-β bioactivity is induced by acidic conditions in the stomach rather than inhibited [36]. Also, bovine IL-10 is cross-reactive with the human IL-10R, though IL-10 is mainly present in colostrum and lacking in the majority of commercially available dairy products [37].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Mucosal Factors Retinoic Acid and TGF-β1 Induce Phenotypically and Functionally Distinct Dendritic Cell Types

Hartog

Altena

Savelkoul

et al. 2013

Int Arch Allergy Immunol

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Non-inflammatory dendritic cell (DC) subsets play an essential role in preventing massive inflammation in mucosal tissues. We investigated whether mucosa-related factors, namely retinoic acid (RA) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β1), can induce such DC types. DCs were differentiated from monocytes in the absence or presence TGF-β1 and RA. The phenotype as well as responsiveness to bacterial ligands was studied in detail. Compared to monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs), the expression of co-stimulatory molecule CD86 and DC maturation marker CD83 were strongly reduced by RA and TGF-β1. In addition, both RA- and TGF-β1-induced DCs showed strongly decreased responsiveness to stimulation with the bacterial ligands lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan, and produced significantly lower levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-12 and TNF-α compared to moDCs, whilst IL-10 production was not significantly reduced. DCs differentiated under the influence of RA uniquely expressed markers related to intestinal homing (CD103 and integrin β7). In addition, CCR7, which mediates homing to lymph nodes, was expressed by DCs differentiated in the presence of RA, and also to a lesser extent by the other DC types. Furthermore, whereas moDCs and TGF-β1-derived moDCs expressed high levels of CD32, RA-derived DCs lacked CD32 expression but expressed high levels of CD64, suggesting that RA-DCs may primarily respond to soluble proteins and moDCs, and TGF-β DCs to immune complexes. The data presented here support the hypothesis that the mucosal factors TGF-β1 and RA, which can also be provided through dietary intake of dairy products, result in functionally and phenotypically distinct DC types with non-inflammatory properties.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Mucosal Factors Retinoic Acid and TGF-β1 Induce Phenotypically and Functionally Distinct Dendritic Cell Types

Hartog

Altena

Savelkoul

et al. 2013

Int Arch Allergy Immunol

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“…This whey-derived growth factor extract (WGFE) can be used as a potent supplement for the culture of a number of cell lines, especially those of mesodermal origin such as fibroblasts, often with greater effects than fetal bovine serum. Transient acidification of WGFE increases the biological activity of the extract, and this is associated with the activation of TGF-P [12,24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibition of cell migration from tendon explants into fibrin clots by extracts derived from cheese whey is largely due to transforming growth factor‐beta

Conlon

Tomas

2003

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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Whey-derived growth factor extract (WGFE) and the acid-activated form (WGFE-a) were tested for their ability to influence the migration of cells from chicken flexor tendon biopsies into fibrin clots. When added to the medium surrounding clots, both extracts significantly inhibited migration relative to controls (P < 0.05) in a dose-dependent manner when measurements were made after seven days of incubation. WGFE-a was approximately ten times more potent than WGFE. Since transforming growth factor (TGF)-Pl and -p2 activity of WGFE-a is much higher than in WGFE we hypothesized that TGF-P was responsible for the inhibition of tendon cell migration. Neutralizing anti-TGF-6 monoclonal antibody was added to the medium bathing tendon biopsies in fibrin clots along with WGFE-a. WGFE-a alone inhibited migration by 51% and this was reversed by the antibody in a dosedependent manner. Furthermore, recombinant human TGF-PI and -p2 significantly inhibited tendon cell migration with similar dose-dependent potency when tested in the assay. These results indicate that TGF-6 is largely responsible for the inhibition of tendon cell migration by WGFE-a. This sheds further light on the functions of this growth factor during the early events in tendon repair.

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“…TGF-ß 2 and -ß 3 are also secreted in a similar latent complex structure [2]. The latent TGF-ß complex can be activated by treatment with extreme pH values, heating or urea [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection and Characterisation of Transforming Growth Factor-Beta in Porcine Colostrum

Doan

Regester

1998

Neonatology

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Porcine colostrum and milk collected at different stages of lactation were assessed for transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) activity using an epithelial cell bio-assay. A high level of TGF-β activity was recorded in all colostrum samples after transient acidification treatment, ranging between 126 and 260 ng/ml for samples collected at the time of parturition and 73 ng/ml for the sample collected 12 h after parturition. Without transient acidification treatment TGF-β activity was detected only in 2 samples collected at the time of parturition (12 ng/ml) and 12 h after parturition (9 ng/ml), respectively. TGF-β activity was undetectable in milk collected 5 days after parturition. These results suggest that TGF-β exists mainly in latent form in porcine colostrum and the concentration declines rapidly as lactation proceeds. After enrichment with cation exchange chromatography a low level of TGF-β activity was detected in porcine milk. Further separation by size exclusion chromatography revealed two molecular mass forms of TGF-β in both colostrum and milk samples, a major peak of about 80 kD and a minor peak of about 25 kD representing latent and active forms of TGF-β, respectively. A further experiment showed that the latent form of TGF-β in colostrum can be activated at pH 3.5 or less. It is speculated that TGF-β found in the colostrum may play a physiological role in regulating postnatal adaptation of the gastro-intestinal tract in new borns.

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Transforming growth factor β in bovine milk: concentration, stability and molecular mass forms

Cited by 59 publications

References 0 publications

The Mucosal Factors Retinoic Acid and TGF-β1 Induce Phenotypically and Functionally Distinct Dendritic Cell Types

The Mucosal Factors Retinoic Acid and TGF-β1 Induce Phenotypically and Functionally Distinct Dendritic Cell Types

Inhibition of cell migration from tendon explants into fibrin clots by extracts derived from cheese whey is largely due to transforming growth factor‐beta

Detection and Characterisation of Transforming Growth Factor-Beta in Porcine Colostrum

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