Transient expression of specific Cotesia plutellae bracoviral segments induces prolonged larval development of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella

Finding the Smoking Gun: Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases as Tools and Targets of Unicellular Microorganisms and Viruses

“…Their presence is associated with immunosuppression and altered development of the host. The diversity of polydnaviruses is poorly understood; the already known polydnaviruses are divided into ichnoviruses and bracoviruses depending on host insect family and viral morphology [232]. Transmission of the virus to parasitoid offspring is vertical through the germ line, while viral replication is restricted to specialized calyx cells in the ovaries of host females.…”

“…The viral genome is segmented in the chromosomes of C. plutellae and its replicated form contains at least 27 segments of different sizes. The largest gene family of this virus consists of CpBV-PTPs, which are known to inhibit host cell immune responses such as hemocytes-spreading and encapsulation [232,235]. CpBV-PTPs show specific expression patterns depending on developmental ages of parasitized insect, and one of them induces developmental delay [232,236].…”

“…The largest gene family of this virus consists of CpBV-PTPs, which are known to inhibit host cell immune responses such as hemocytes-spreading and encapsulation [232,235]. CpBV-PTPs show specific expression patterns depending on developmental ages of parasitized insect, and one of them induces developmental delay [232,236]. The gene transcripts of one of these PTPs, CvBV202, is expressed as early as two hours post-parasitization, and continued to be detected for six days.…”

A novel polydnaviral gene family, BEN, and its immunosuppressive function in larvae of Plutella xylostella parasitized by Cotesia plutellae

“…Parasitized larvae exhibit abnormal physiological symptoms, such as significant immunosuppression and a prolonged larval period without metamorphosis (Ibrahim and Kim, 2006;Kwon et al, 2010). As a main parasitic factor, CpBV encodes different PDV gene families that are expressed in parasitized P. xylostella and alter the immune and developmental physiological processes .…”

Transient transcription of a putative RNase containing BEN domain encoded in Cotesia plutellae bracovirus induces an immunosuppression of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella

“…To do this, we examined hemocyte counts and hemocytic nodule formation following injection of bacteria. These immunological parameters were chosen because an unexpected observation from a related study using CpBV segment injection suggested that CpBV-S3 gave a cytotoxic effect on hemocytes of P. xylostella (Kwon et al, 2010). In addition, this study analyzed gene composition of CpBV-S3 and expression patterns of each encoded gene in P. xylostella larvae parasitized by C. plutellae.…”