Transitioning to Automated Microbiologic Era: Blood Culture Isolates in Children and Adults in Federal Teaching Hospital in Gombe, North East Nigeria 2016-2020

Abstract

Introduction: Automated blood culture systems for incubation and growth monitoring have become the standard in high-income countries (HICs), but are still relatively expensive and not universally available for implementation in most low-and middle-income countries (LMIC). We aimed to report blood culture isolates using Automated technique in children and adults admitted into the Federal Teaching Hospital Gombe from 2016 to 2020. Materials and Methods: Blood Culture Isolates in children (0 -18 years) and adults (>19 yrs) by Bactec 9050 Automated culture system from 2016-2020 were retrieved from the medical and laboratory register. Information analyzed included, age, sex, month, and year and culture growth and reported antibiotic sensitivity. A Bactec Blood culture tests is $20 in this facility. In Nigeria, the minimum monthly wage is $70 (Official currency exchange rate is N423/US Dollar). Results: Of the 1713 blood cultures performed, children 0 -18 years were 1322 (77.2%) and adult (19 years above) (22.8%). Overall positivity was 733 (42.2%) with males 385 (52.5%). Of the 1322 Blood cultures (BC) in children 615 (46.5%) were positive for isolates and adults 118 (30.2)%. Blood culture positivity decreased with increasing age with newborns 251 (34.5%) and adults > 65 years 18 (2.5%). Staphylococcus aureus constituted 61.3% of all isolates and was the leading isolates in all age groups; Alkaligenes (9.

Assessment of the Antibiotic Resistance Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated at Da Nang Hospital for Women and Children, Vietnam

“…2 S. aureus was isolated quite commonly in hospitals and medical facilities, causing a serious impact on human health, despite efforts to get rid of bacteria. [3][4][5] Currently, there have been many studies showing that S. aureus is increasingly resistant to antibiotics and spread of multidrug resistant (MDR). Notably, methicillinresistant S. aureus (MRSA) is a global health problem, causing many difficulties in treatment and prognosis.…”

“…4,6 In Vietnam, the prevalence of MRSA has been reported to be considerably higher than that in other countries. 3,5,9 In 2019, over 100 000 deaths were attributed to resistance bacteria worldwide, with MRSA accounting for a large proportion of these deaths. 10 MRSA has become one of today's most serious treatment challenges due to its simultaneous resistance to multiple drugs and rapid global spread, leading to more than 450 000 infections each year.…”

Trends in Bacterial Blood Culture Isolates and Resistance in Children in Two Microbiologic Eras from a Tertiary Health Facility in North East Nigeria

“…Low-and middle-income countries especially sub-Saharan Africa face many challenges when implementing blood cultures, due to financial, logistical, and infrastructure-related constraints [7]. In these settings, the conventional/ manual culture methods remain the dominant systems while the automated blood culture systems have become the standard in high-income countries (HICs), and are relatively expensive and not universally available for implementation in most LMICs where [7] [8] [9] implementing automated microbiologic systems is feasible [7] [10]. Several reports [11] [12] [13] in LMIC showed that these systems show better performance than manual systems in terms of yield, sensitivity and especially speed of growth and overall turnaround time.…”