transmission electron microscopy applied to phase transformations in ball bearings

Lindahl, Einar; Österlund, Ragnar

doi:10.1016/0304-3991(82)90096-1

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Carbon has been found to accumulate between globular regions of 30°bands and near the corners in which the 30°and 80°bands intersect, leading to carbon-rich areas perhaps consisting of carbidic structures [13]. Many researches have reported these carbon-rich areas as 'disc-shaped carbides' [147,185], 'rung-like carbides' [90] and 'lenticular carbides' [86,87,163,165,180,186]. The driving force for recrystallization should be large if WEBs are generated through intensely localised deformation and the resulting defects can consequently aid the process of diffusion [11].…”

Section: Orientation Of Webmentioning

confidence: 99%

Further understanding of rolling contact fatigue in rolling element bearings - A review

Laithy

Wang

Harvey

et al. 2019

Tribology International

122

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Rolling bearings are one of the most widely used components in industrial machinery. If suitably mounted, loaded, lubricated and isolated from contamination, rolling contact fatigue (RCF) is believed to be the most probable mode of failure resulting in subsurface originated failures. Over the past several decades many researchers have studied the failure and microstructural alterations in bearings such as dark etching regions and white etching bands and how operating conditions such as pressure, temperature and running time impact them during RCF. This paper aims to provide an overview of such alterations, their properties, formation mechanisms and impact on bearing failure.

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Section: Orientation Of Webmentioning

confidence: 99%

Further understanding of rolling contact fatigue in rolling element bearings - A review

Laithy

Wang

Harvey

et al. 2019

Tribology International

122

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“…(100)[110] and (111)[211] rolling textures that reflect the balance of plastic deformation and DRX (Voskamp, 1996). Regular flat white etching bands (WEB) of elongated parallel carbide-free ferritic stripes of inclination angles β f of 20° to 32° to the raceway tangent in overrolling direction occur inside the DER (Lindahl & Österlund, 1982;Swahn et al, 1976aSwahn et al, , 1976bVoskamp, 1996). For the automobile alternator and gearbox ball bearing from rig tests, N° 1 and N° 2 in Figure 20a, respectively, b/B equals about 0.61 and 0.57.…”

Section: Microstructural Changes During Subsurface Rolling Contact Famentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Metallography of the investigated inner rings in Figures 20b and 20c confirms the dark etching region predicted by the relative XRD peak width reduction and indicates the discoid flat white bands (FWB) in the axial (N° 1) and radial microsection (N° 2). Ferrite of the FWB is surrounded by reprecipitated highly carbon-rich carbides and remaining martensite (Lindahl & Österlund, 1982;Swahn et al, 1976aSwahn et al, , 1976b. Note that the carbides originally dispersed in the hardened steel are dissolved in the WEB under the influence of the RCF damage mechanism (see section 4.2).…”

Section: Microstructural Changes During Subsurface Rolling Contact Famentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This approach also adumbrates an interpretation of the development of (steep) white bands (see Figure 21c) differently from adiabatic shearing (Schlicht, 2008). The DGSL model suggests strain induced reprecipitation of carbon in the form of carbides at a later stage of RCF damage (Lindahl & Österlund, 1982;Shibata et al, 1996). Former austenite or martensite grain boundaries represent sites for heterogeneous nucleation.…”

Section: Metal Physics Model Of Rolling Contact Fatigue and Experimenmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tribological Aspects of Rolling Bearing Failures

Gegner¹

2011

Tribology - Lubricants and Lubrication

120

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Introduction Rolling (element) bearings are referred to as anti-friction bearings due to the low friction and hence only slight energy loss they cause in service, especially compared to sliding or friction bearings. The minor wear occurring in proper operation superficially seems to suggest the question how rolling contact tribology should be of relevance to bearing failures. Satisfactorily proven throughout the 20 th century primarily on small highly loaded ball bearings, the life prediction is actually based on material fatigue theories. Nonetheless, resulting subsurface spalling is usually called fatigue wear and therefore included in the discussion below. The influence of friction on the damage of rolling bearings, at first, is strikingly reflected, for instance, in foreign particle abrasion and smearing adhesion wear under improper running or lubrication conditions. On far less affected, visually intact raceways, however, temporary frictional forces can also initiate failure for common overall friction coefficients below 0.1. Larger size roller bearings with extended line contacts operating typically at low to moderate Hertzian pressure, generally speaking, are most susceptible to this surface loading. As large roller bearings are increasingly applied in the 21 st century, e.g. in industrial gears, an attempt is made in the following to incorporate the rolling-sliding nature of the tribological contact into an extended bearing life model. By holding the established assumption that the stage of crack initiation still dominates the total lifetime, the consideration of the proposed competing normal stress hypothesis is deemed appropriate. The present chapter opens with a general introduction of the subsurface and (near-) surface failure mode of rolling bearings. Due to its particular importance to the identification of the damage mechanisms, the measuring procedure and the evaluation method of the material response analysis, which is based on an X-ray diffraction residual stress determination, are described in detail. In section 4, a metal physics model of classical subsurface rolling contact fatigue is outlined. Recent experimental findings are reported that support this mechanistic approach. The accelerating effect of absorbed hydrogen on rolling contact fatigue is also in agreement with the new model and verified by applying tools of material response analysis. It uncovers a remarkable impact of serious high-frequency electric current passage through bearings in operation, previously unnoticed in the literature. Section 5 provides an overview of state-of-the-art research on mechanical and chemical damage mechanisms by tribological www.intechopen.com Tribology -Lubricants and Lubrication 34 stressing in rolling-sliding contact. The combined action of mixed friction and corrosion in the complex loading regime is demonstrated. Mechanical vibrations in bearing service, e.g. from adjacent machines, increase sliding in the contact area. Typical depth distributions of residual stress and X-ray diffraction peak wid...

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“…Two distinct sets of WEB have been reported in the literature. The first set consists of disc-shaped regions of ferrite inclined at 308 to the surface in the direction opposite to that of rolling, bordered by carbide discs that are constituted by very small carbide particles [29,33]. The carbide discs bordering the 308-WEB contain 15 -30 at.% carbon [33].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Martensite decay in micropitted gears

Oila

Shaw

Aylott

et al. 2005

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J:

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Metallographic examination performed on a number of micropitted gears has revealed microstructural features similar to those reported in the literature in fatigued bearings, namely, dark etching regions and white etching bands. In addition, a new type of fatigueinduced microstructural constituent was observed close to the surface below asperities referred to as the plastic deformation region. Finally, it is shown that the initiation and propagation of cracks leading to the formation of micropits are related to the phase transformations mentioned previously.

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transmission electron microscopy applied to phase transformations in ball bearings

Cited by 12 publications

References 5 publications

Further understanding of rolling contact fatigue in rolling element bearings - A review

Further understanding of rolling contact fatigue in rolling element bearings - A review

Tribological Aspects of Rolling Bearing Failures

Martensite decay in micropitted gears

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