Transmission of a human isolate of clade 2.3.4.4b A(H5N1) virus in ferrets

Pulit-Penaloza, Joanna A.; Belser, Jessica A.; Brock, Nicole; Kieran, Troy J.; Sun, Xiangjie; Pappas, Claudia; Zeng, Hui; Carney, Paul; Chang, Jessie; Bradley-Ferrell, Brandon; Stevens, James; De La Cruz, Juan A.; Hatta, Yasuko; Di, Han; Davis, C. Todd; Tumpey, Terrence M.; Maines, Taronna R.

doi:10.1038/s41586-024-08246-7

Cited by 3 publications

References 48 publications

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Influenza A(H5N1) shedding in air corresponds to transmissibility in mammals

Tosheva,

Filaire,

Rijnink

et al. 2024

Nat Microbiol

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An increase in spillover events of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses to mammals suggests selection of viruses that transmit well in mammals. Here we use air-sampling devices to continuously sample infectious influenza viruses expelled by experimentally infected ferrets. The resulting quantitative virus shedding kinetics data resembled ferret-to-ferret transmission studies and indicated that the absence of transmission observed for earlier A(H5N1) viruses was due to a lack of infectious virus shedding in the air, rather than the absence of necessary mammalian adaptation mutations. Whereas infectious human A(H1N1pdm) virus was efficiently shed in the air, infectious 2005 zoonotic and 2024 bovine A(H5N1) viruses were not detected in the air. By contrast, shedding of infectious virus was observed for 1 out of 4 ferrets infected with a 2022 European polecat A(H5N1) virus and a 2024 A(H5N1) virus isolated from a dairy farm worker.

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Influenza A(H5N1) shedding in air corresponds to transmissibility in mammals

Tosheva,

Filaire,

Rijnink

et al. 2024

Nat Microbiol

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Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Infections in Humans

Garg,

Reinhart,

Couture

et al. 2024

N Engl J Med

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Risk assessment of 2024 cattle H5N1 using age-stratified serosurveillance data

Chen,

Zhang,

Zhang

et al. 2024

Preprint

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The highly pathogenic avian influenza virus A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b has caused a human outbreak in North America since March 2024. Here, we conducted a serosurveillance study to determine the risk of A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b (2024 cattle H5N1) to general population. In the initial screening of 180 serum specimens encompassing all age groups, 2.2% (4/180) had detectable neutralizing antibody (nAb) titers against 2024 cattle H5N1, with all collected from older adults aged ≥60 years old. Further screening showed that 5.0% (15/300) of adults aged ≥70 years old had detectable nAb titers against the 2024 cattle H5N1. All serum specimens with nAb titer of ≥40 had detectable HI titer, and there was a positive correlation between nAb titer and HA binding (r=0.3311, 95% confidence interval 0.2264 to 0.4283; P<0.0001). The nAb titer against seasonal H1N1 virus was 3.9-fold higher for patients with detectable H5N1 nAb than those without (geometric mean titer: 108.5 [95% CI 56.3-209.1] vs 27.9 [95% CI 21.0-37.0], P=0.0039), but there was no statistically significant difference between H5N1 and H3N2 nAb titer. There was no difference in demographics, comorbidities and clinical frailty scores between individuals with detectable H5N1 nAb and those without. Our findings suggest that most individuals lack nAb response against 2024 cattle H5N1 and there is an urgency to develop and evaluate H5N1 vaccine or prophylactic monoclonal antibodies. Immune imprinting may be responsible for the cross neutralization between H5N1 and H1N1 among older adults.

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Transmission of a human isolate of clade 2.3.4.4b A(H5N1) virus in ferrets

Cited by 3 publications

References 48 publications

Influenza A(H5N1) shedding in air corresponds to transmissibility in mammals

Influenza A(H5N1) shedding in air corresponds to transmissibility in mammals

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Infections in Humans

Risk assessment of 2024 cattle H5N1 using age-stratified serosurveillance data

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