Transport calculations and accelerator experiments needed for radiation risk assessment in space

Sihver, Lembit

doi:10.1016/j.zemedi.2008.06.013

Cited by 13 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Since each code has its own specific advantages and disadvantages, it is essential to use the best transport code for the purpose being defined, taking the respective advantages/disadvantages into account. Remarkable progress in the calculation of heavy ion reactions and transportation has been made during the last decade (see, for example, Sihver et al, 2007Sihver et al, , 2008aSihver et al, , b, 2009Sihver, 2008). In recent years, PHITS has received considerable attention due to its applications in heavy ion transport calculations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neutron production in the lunar subsurface from alpha particles in galactic cosmic rays

et al. 2011

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The neutron production from alpha particles in galactic cosmic rays (GCR) in the lunar subsurface has not been estimated with reliable precision despite its importance for lunar nuclear spectroscopy and space dosimetry. Here, we report our estimation of neutron production from GCR nuclei (protons and alpha particles) with the Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (PHITS), which includes several heavy ion interaction models. PHITS simulations of the equilibrium neutron density profiles in the lunar subsurface are compared with experimental data obtained in the Apollo 17 Lunar Neutron Probe Experiment. Our calculations successfully reproduced the data within an experimental error of 15%. Our estimation of neutron production from GCR nuclei, estimated by scaling that from protons by a factor of 1.27, is in good agreement within an error of 1% with the calculations using two different alpha particle interaction models in PHITS during a period of average activity of the solar cycle. However, we show that the factor depends on the incident GCR spectrum model used in the simulation. Therefore, we conclude that the use of heavy ion interaction models is important for estimating neutron production in the lunar subsurface.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neutron production in the lunar subsurface from alpha particles in galactic cosmic rays

et al. 2011

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“…Since, it has been shown, see e.g. [5][6][7], that passive shielding might not be enough to reduce the radiation risks for long term deep space missions, there is a need for other counter measures, e.g. medical counter measures such as radio-protectors and radio-mitigators.…”

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Biological Protection in Deep Space Missions

Sihver

Mortazavi

2021

J Biomed Phys Eng

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“…Of the types of radiation prevalent beyond Earth's magnetosphere, galactic cosmic rays and solar particle events pose the greatest risk to human health (Cucinotta and Durante 2006). Together, they are the source of all cosmic radiation (Sihver 2008). Unlike other forms of radiation (e.g.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Unlike other forms of radiation (e.g. gamma rays) cosmic rays are not most effectively shielded by dense, high atomic mass materials (Sihver 2008). Their interaction with these materials produces secondary radiation, in some cases to the effect of increasing the total intensity.…”

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“…Their interaction with these materials produces secondary radiation, in some cases to the effect of increasing the total intensity. Liquid hydrogen is the most effective shield against cosmic radiation, with low atomic mass hydrogen-bearing compounds, such as water, also performing well (Sihver 2008). Water is much simpler to store than liquid hydrogen, and large reservoirs would be required for hydration at any rate, making it the logical choice for radiation shielding.…”

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Igneous Rock Associations 24. Near-Earth Asteroid Resources: A Review

Innis

Osinski

2019

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The extraction of natural resources located beyond Earth to create products can be described as space resource utilization (SRU). SRU is under active investigation in both the public and private sectors. Near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) are particularly promising early SRU targets due to their relative proximity and enrichments in two key resources: water and platinum group elements (PGEs). Water can be used to create rocket propellant, making it the only resource with significant demand given the current nascent state of the space market. Platinum group elements are valuable enough that their import to the Earth market is potentially economical, making them the other prospective resource in the current embryonic state of SRU. While it is possible to retrieve material from a NEA, doing so on an economical scale will require significant developments in areas such as autonomous robotics and propulsion technology. A parameterization accounting for asteroid size, resource concentration, and accessibility yields just seven and three potentially viable NEA targets in the known population for water and PGEs, respectively. A greater emphasis on spectral observation of asteroids is required to better inform target selection for early prospecting spacecraft. A further complication is the lack of a legal precedent for the sale of extraterrestrial resources. The Outer Space Treaty prohibits the appropriation of celestial bodies but makes no explicit reference to their resources while the U.S.A. and Luxembourg have passed legislation entitling their citizens to own and sell space resources. Whether these laws are a matter of clarification or contradiction is the matter of some debate. RÉSUMÉL'extraction de ressources naturelles situées au-delà de la Terre pour créer des produits peut être décrite comme une utilisation des ressources spatiales (URS). L’URS est actuellement examinée à la fois dans les secteurs public et privé. Les astéroïdes proches de la Terre (NEA) sont des cibles URS particulièrement prometteuses en raison de leur proximité relative et de leur enrichissement en deux ressources clés : l’eau et les éléments du groupe du platine (EGP). L'eau peut être utilisée pour créer des agents de propulsion pour vaisseaux spatiaux, ce qui en fait la seule ressource pour laquelle la demande est importante compte tenu de l’émergence du marché spatial actuel. Les EGP sont suffisamment précieux pour que leur importation sur le marché terrestre soit potentiellement économique, ce qui en fait l’autre ressource potentielle étant donné l’état embryonnaire actuel de l’URS. Bien qu'il soit possible de récupérer des matériaux sur un NEA, le faire à une échelle économique nécessitera des développements importants dans des domaines tels que la robotique autonome et la technologie de propulsion. Un paramétrage tenant compte de la taille des astéroïdes, de la concentration des ressources et de l'accessibilité conduit à seulement sept et trois cibles NEA parmi la population connue, potentiellement exploitables pour l'eau et les EGP, respectivement. Il est nécessaire de mettre davantage l'accent sur l'observation spectrale des astéroïdes afin de mieux documenter la sélection des cibles pour les premiers vaisseaux prospecteurs. L'absence de précédent juridique pour la vente de ressources extraterrestres est une complication supplémentaire. Le Traité sur l’espace interdit l’appropriation des corps célestes mais ne fait aucune référence explicite à leurs ressources, tandis que les États-Unis et le Luxembourg ont adopté une législation autorisant leurs citoyens à posséder et à vendre des ressources spatiales. Que ces lois fassent l’objet de clarification ou de contradiction est sujet à débat.

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Transport calculations and accelerator experiments needed for radiation risk assessment in space

Cited by 13 publications

References 56 publications

Neutron production in the lunar subsurface from alpha particles in galactic cosmic rays

Neutron production in the lunar subsurface from alpha particles in galactic cosmic rays

Biological Protection in Deep Space Missions

Igneous Rock Associations 24. Near-Earth Asteroid Resources: A Review

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