Trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress disorder among regional journalists in Pakistan

Shah, Sayyed Fawad Ali; Jan, Faizullah; Ginossar, Tamar; McGrail, J. Patrick; Baber, Danish; Ullah, Rahman

doi:10.1177/1464884920965783

Cited by 17 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…They have identified problems faced by journalists while reporting traumatic events and their effects on the audiences. Some have found that news coverage of traumatic events has horrific effects on the audience who watch television and read newspapers (Ananthan, 2017;Lee, Ha, & Pae, 2018;MacDonald & Fox, 2018;Seely, 2019;Shah et al, 2020;Smith, Drevo, & Newman, 2018). Journalists, therefore, must continually make decisions on the use of images of the traumatic event, they suggest.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Journalists, including reporters, photographers, editors and news crew, cover tragic and violent events as part of their profession. These include war, terrorist attacks, and natural calamities (Ashraf & Jan, 2018;Shah et al, 2020). Media researchers have different opinions on what type of information journalists should include in the coverage of violent events (Barnes, 2016;Dworznik, 2006;Ellwood, 2015;Massé, 2011).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Empirical reports show that journalists and trauma have intimate connections, especially in reporting traumatic incidents (Dworznik, 2006). Journalists in a war zone or conflict-prone areas are vulnerable to trauma, which affect their personal life as well as their journalistic products (Shah et al, 2020). In such situations, journalists usually use different techniques to avoid trauma.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Factors Influencing a Journalist’s Gatekeeping Role in the Coverage of Traumatic Incidents in Pakistan

2021

FWU Journal

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This research study is designed to understand reporting traumatic incidents in Pakistani media and the individual level factors that influence a journalist’s decision while covering a traumatic incident and his/her decision of selecting information to include in or exclude from news.This study uses a qualitative research design to analyze the research question. The researcher used in-depth interviews with journalists in Peshawar and Tribal Districtsof Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Thirtyjournalists were recruited (news reporters, editors and photographers) working for media (print, broadcast and online), whose primary beat is ‘crime’ or “violentevents” along with other beats. The participants of the study were selected by purposive and snowball sampling techniques. Thematic Analysis as a method was used to analyze the data, i.e., interviews with journalists. Thedata was examined through the lens of the Hierarchy of Influences Model (HOI), which is an extension ofthe Gatekeeping Theory. The findingsshow thateducation, training, experience, focus on crime and conflict, newsworthiness of the story, self-promotion, and Job security influence a journalist’s decision while covering a traumatic incident in Pakistani media.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Factors Influencing a Journalist’s Gatekeeping Role in the Coverage of Traumatic Incidents in Pakistan

2021

FWU Journal

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“…Further, Shah et al (2020) highlight the severity of the impact of trauma on regional journalists in Pakistan. Exposure to work-related trauma, active emotional coping, and avoidant emotional coping were statistically significant factors associated with PTSD symptoms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Traumatic Events on Social Behavior of University Students

Perveen

Malik

2021

HSSR

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Purpose of the study: The present study aims at measuring the effect of traumatic events on social behavior among university students. Methodology: Purposive sample of n=200 students was selected from various universities of Punjab, Pakistan. Impact of events scale-revised (Weiss, 2007), and Texas social behavior inventory (Helmreich & Stapp, 1974) were used to measure study variables. Pearson correlation was carried out to explore correlations. Further, the prediction was checked through regression analysis. Additional analysis includes a t-test to check gender differences. Main Findings: Significant differences were found in adolescents as compared to young adults on the scale of the traumatic events. Correlation analysis indicated a significant negative relationship between traumatic events (intrusion, avoidance, and hyper-arousal) and social behavior (i.e., self-esteem). Further multiple regression analysis showed that traumatic events were a significant negative predictor of social behavior as traumatic events harm an individual’s social behavior. Additionally, the t-test indicated non-significant gender differences. Applications of this study: These research results have implications in academic settings, clinical and counseling. And it helps to improve overall social behavior at the individual level, which ultimately serves to ensure a better community and sound environment. Originality/Uniqueness of present investigation: An empirical investigation of the phenomenon observed among human participants' natural behavior with no manipulation.

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“…In a sample of newspaper journalists in the United States, Pyevich et al (2003) found that 61.8% of participants had been threatened verbally, 6.1% had been injured, and 5.3% had been physically assaulted while covering a story. In Pakistan's Khyber-Pakthoonkhwa province, Shah et al (2020) found that 59.3% of surveyed journalists indicated that they had been verbally threatened on the job (Shah et al, 2020).…”

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confidence: 99%

Associations among traumatic experiences, threat exposure, and mental health in Pakistani journalists

Koster

Koot

Malik

et al. 2022

Journal of Traumatic Stress

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Pakistan is considered to be relatively unsafe for journalists; however, little is known about how working in situations that involve a high risk of trauma exposure and personal threat impacts journalists’ mental health. The present study aimed to examine the associations among reporting on topics that carry a high risk of trauma exposure; work‐related personal threat exposure; and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, and stress in a sample of Pakistani journalists. Participants completed online assessments to report the extent of their exposure to trauma and threat in the last 6 months with regard to reporting on militancy, crime, bomb blasts, and natural disasters and exposure to electronic, verbal, and physical threats; stalking; kidnapping; and detention. Further, we assessed symptoms of PTSD, depression, anxiety, and stress using self‐report instruments. Of the 296 participants, 34.1% showed clinically significant levels of PTSD, moderately elevated levels of depression, and severely elevated levels of anxiety. Linear regression analyses demonstrated an association between PTSD symptoms and a higher frequency of reporting on natural disasters, β = 2.40, p = .004, whereas symptoms of anxiety, depression, and stress were associated with a lower frequency of reporting on bomb and suicide blasts, βs = ‐.93 – 1.61, p = <.001 – .047. Ideally, these findings will raise awareness about their situation, inform prevention and intervention efforts dedicated to journalists’ mental health, and promote future research to elucidate the causal factors implicated in mental health symptoms in this population.

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Trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress disorder among regional journalists in Pakistan

Cited by 17 publications

References 54 publications

Factors Influencing a Journalist’s Gatekeeping Role in the Coverage of Traumatic Incidents in Pakistan

Factors Influencing a Journalist’s Gatekeeping Role in the Coverage of Traumatic Incidents in Pakistan

The Effect of Traumatic Events on Social Behavior of University Students

Associations among traumatic experiences, threat exposure, and mental health in Pakistani journalists

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