Treated produced water in irrigation: Effects on soil fauna and aquatic organisms

Purification of Produced Water from a Sour Oilfield in South Kuwait. 1. Oil-Water Separation and Industrial Salt Production

“…As much of the PW is produced in arid regions, research has focused on utilization of treated PW for purpose such as irrigation [28] [29] [30]. Thus far, this has been met with limited success [31]. For the most part, in regions far from the coast and from water bodies in general, treated PW is either disposed of in sub-surface disposal wells [32] or re-injected into the production well [33] to help maintain the pressure of the reservoir.…”

A Current Review of Water Pollutants in American Continent: Trends and Perspectives in Detection, Health Risks, and Treatment Technologies

“…In this sense, numerous research groups have focused on proposing alternative solutions focusing on three fundamental aspects: (a) detection of contaminants present in water for human consumption, (b) assessment of risks to public and environmental health due to the presence of contaminants in the water, and (c) the proposal of water treatment technologies. In the case of the American continent, the detection of contaminants (inorganic and organic) has been studied; the research works show alarming results in which the impact of water pollution is demonstrated, how the ecosystem is being affected, and consequently the repercussion towards human health [5][6][7][8]. This last point becomes worrying due to the fact that there are reported cases in which newborns, children, and adults consumed drinking water from various sources (such as rivers, lakes, groundwater, and wells) without the certainty that it is free of contaminants, representing a health risk factor [9][10][11].…”