“…Climate change has resulted in significant temperature fluctuations worldwide, posing a critical challenge to plant growth, yield, and distribution (Raza et al, 2019; Zandalinas et al, 2021; Farooq et al, 2022; Rivero et al, 2022; Zandalinas et al, 2023). Crops in field environments experience a wide range of temperature stress, including heat stress (HS; >25°C), chilling stress (CS; 0–15°C), and freezing stress (FS; <0°C), which seriously threaten agricultural food production (Zhang et al, 2019; Raza et al, 2021c; Zandalinas and Mittler, 2022; Raza et al, 2023e; Raza et al, 2024; Saeed et al, 2023). In response to these extreme temperatures, plants use a range of morphological, physiological, biochemical, molecular and cellular adaptations, which have been reviewed extensively in recent literature (Zhang et al, 2019; Raza et al, 2021c; Zandalinas and Mittler, 2022; Sharma et al, 2022; Ding and Yang, 2022; Djalovic et al, 2023; Raza et al, 2023c; Raza et al, 2023e; Saeed et al, 2023).…”