Trends in Biosensors for HPV: Identification and Diagnosis

Abstract

The conventional methodologies used for the detection of human papillomavirus (HPV) present actually robust and reproducible advantages. However, at the same time, they involve complex protocols that sometimes are difficult to popularize. Over the first half of XX century, the adequate treatment of complex and delicate processes from a simple instrumental base seemed a fundamental and intrinsic contradiction. However, interdisciplinary trends have allowed the manipulation of tissues, proteins, and nucleic acids through innovative increasingly smaller devices. The proper diagnosis of HPV has seen great advances since biosensor researchers are employing its virus strains as models to study the interactions between the biorecognition element and the transducer. Additionally, all recent improvements and trends that material sciences, biotechnology, and data processing scientists excel for biosensors can be applied for the HPV detection platforms. In this review, we highlight the recent trends on materials, nanomaterials, and transducers for the specific detection and differentiation of HPV strains. The most influential methods for the detection and identification of these papillomaviruses include optical, electrochemical, and piezoelectric transducers; we will visit their sensibility and advantages. Additionally, we highlight the factors that contributed to the increasing importance of these biodevices as potential substitutes to conventional diagnostic methods.

Application of mercury–mediated thymine–base pairs for successful voltammetric detection of HPV 18

“…The proposed electrochemical DNA biosensor is characterized by the lowest HPV detection limit of several fM. In the literature, there are plenty of examples of electrochemical DNA devices for the HPV detection [42][43][44]; however, the lowest achieved detection limit is at the level of several dozen femtomoles per liter [39]. In the case of other biosensors the obtained LOD is at the level of tens to hundreds of pM.…”

Early detection of cervical cancer based on high‐risk HPV DNA‐based genosensors: A systematic review

“…In contrast to the conventional identification methods, the biosensors devoted to the molecular diagnosis of HPV types and their significant properties are less complicated and are free of prolonged experimentation processes and purification requirements . The frequency of reported biosensor transducer showed in Fig.…”

“…When the search included the keyword "electrochemical or optical or piezoelectric or aptameric or immunosensory", the chart indicates that most devices were based on electrochemical and optical techniques. In contrast to the conventional identification methods, the biosensors devoted to the molecular diagnosis of HPV types and their significant properties are less complicated and are free of prolonged experimentation processes and purification requirements [25]. The frequency of reported biosensor transducer showed in Fig.…”

Nanomedicine applications in women's health: state of the art

“…91 The use of biosensors may aid the development of rapid, cost-effective, and accurate diagnostic tests with appropriate sensitivities and detection limits. 92 The second largest proportional increase in sexually transmitted disease diagnosis in England between 2014 and 2015 was reported for gonorrhea (11%). 93 Nanomedicine may provide a novel means to treat antibiotic-resistant gonorrhea, therefore helping to prevent sequela such as pelvic inflammatory disease.…”