Trends in tick population dynamics and pathogen transmission in emerging tick-borne pathogens in Europe: an introduction

Hartemink, Nienke; Takken, Willem

doi:10.1007/s10493-015-0003-4

Cited by 19 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Recent reports listed the main tick-borne pathogens endemic in Europe, such as Rickettsia, A. phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi, Babesia spp., Borrelia miyamatoi, Bartonella henselae, Candidatus N. mikurensis, Francisella tularensis and the viruses Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) and the tick-borne encephalitis (TBEV). The prevalence and their geographical distribution are expanding (Amicizia et al 2013;Hartemink and Takken 2016;Jaenson et al 2012). In addition, ticks are also capable of transmitting a large number of serious zoonotic viruses.…”

Section: Tick-borne Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climatic changes and their role in emergence and re-emergence of diseases

El-Sayed

Kamel

2020

Environ Sci Pollut Res

255

145

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Global warming and the associated climate changes are predictable. They are enhanced by burning of fossil fuels and the emission of huge amounts of CO 2 gas which resulted in greenhouse effect. It is expected that the average global temperature will increase with 2-5°C in the next decades. As a result, the earth will exhibit marked climatic changes characterized by extremer weather events in the coming decades, such as the increase in temperature, rainfall, summertime, droughts, more frequent and stronger tornadoes and hurricanes. Epidemiological disease cycle includes host, pathogen and in certain cases intermediate host/vector. A complex mixture of various environmental conditions (e.g. temperature and humidity) determines the suitable habitat/ecological niche for every vector host. The availability of suitable vectors is a precondition for the emergence of vector-borne pathogens. Climate changes and global warming will have catastrophic effects on human, animal and environmental ecosystems. Pathogens, especially neglected tropical disease agents, are expected to emerge and re-emerge in several countries including Europe and North America. The lives of millions of people especially in developing countries will be at risk in direct and indirect ways. In the present review, the role of climate changes in the spread of infectious agents and their vectors is discussed. Examples of the major emerging viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases are also summarized.

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Section: Tick-borne Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climatic changes and their role in emergence and re-emergence of diseases

El-Sayed

Kamel

2020

Environ Sci Pollut Res

255

145

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“…KFD is present in the Indian subcontinent and causes encephalitis accompanied by haemorrhages [39]. The most recent and remarkable trends are the increase of TBE viruses outside of the typical temperate Eurasian range [40]. The rise of POW is an example of the current trend observed in different members of the TBE group.…”

Section: The Vectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This group includes the Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), which has a wide range of hosts and tick vectors in Eurasia and Africa [46][47][48]. The transmission and life cycle of CCHFV is well-characterized; nonetheless, it remains a critical emerging pathogen over much of its range, with various modes of transmission, including tickborne and directly from infected livestock [37,40]. CCHFV affects the nervous system and causes neurological manifestations that precede more dramatic haemorrhagic symptoms [46].…”

Section: The Vectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Human babesiosis is an emerging tick-borne disease caused by members of the genus Babesia, protozoans that share many clinical features with Plasmodium malaria parasites, including reproduction within mammalian red blood cells [29,40,75,111]. In North America, B. microti is the most common agent of human babesiosis and is present in the northeast and upper Midwest of the USA, where its vector, I. scapularis, is widely distributed.…”

Section: Protozoanmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1). Lyme disease is caused by different genetic species (genospecies) within the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex[1,40,75] and is transmitted by the same I. ricinus complex involved in TBE virus cycle -I. ricinus (Europe), I. persulcatus (Russia and Asia) and I. scapularis or I. pacificus (North America)[76][77][78]. The pathogenic genospecies include B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. garinii, B. afzelii, B. spilmanii, B. bavariensis and B. mayonii, which was recently isolated from patients, I. scapularis ticks, and rodents in the upper Midwest of the USA[79,80].The genus Borrelia includes other human pathogenic species that cause relapsing fever[81].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Emerging tick-borne pathogens of public health importance: a mini-review

Rochlin

Toledo

2020

Journal of Medical Microbiology

222

130

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Ticks are the most important vectors of human pathogens, leading to increased public health burdens worldwide. Tick-borne pathogens include viruses (e.g. tick-borne encephalitis and Powassan); bacteria, such as the causative agents of Lyme disease, spotted fever rickettsiosis and human anaplasmosis; and malaria-like protozoan parasites causing babesiosis. Tick-borne diseases are emerging due to the geographical expansion of their tick vectors, especially in the northern hemisphere. Two examples of this phenomenon are Ixodes scapularis and Amblyomma americanum, which have expanded their ranges in the USA in recent decades and are responsible for the continuous emergence of Lyme disease and human ehrlichiosis, respectively. This phenomenon is also occurring worldwide and is reflected by the increasing number of tick-borne encephalitis and haemorrhagic fever cases in Europe and Asia. In this review, we provide a concise synopsis of the most medically important tick-borne pathogen worldwide, with a particular emphasis on emerging public health threats.

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