Trichoderma-Enriched Vermicompost Extracts Reduces Nematode Biotic Stress in Tomato and Bell Pepper Crops

Abstract

Root-knot nematode (RKN) is a serious threat to crops worldwide due to the difficulty in controlling it and the limited eco-friendly alternatives to deal with the biotic stress it causes. In the present work, water-extractable fractions obtained from vermicompost (WSFv), vermicompost enriched with Trichoderma asperellum (WSFta) and T. virens (WSFtv) were tested as biotechnological tools to reduce the impacts of RKN on gas exchange, water use efficiency (WUE) and nutrient concentration in tomato and bell pepper plants. The plants were infected with 5000 eggs and eventual J2 of RKN and then treated with the water-extractable fractions for seven weeks. It was observed that the addition of WSFta, WSFtv and WSFv increased the CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance and WUE in the tomato plants. In the bell pepper plants, WSFta, WSFtv, WSFv increased the stomatal conductance, while WUE was higher in the treatment with WSFtv. In fact, the parameters associated with the gas exchange were usually higher in the bell pepper than in the tomato plants. Overall, higher contents of N, Mg, B and Mn were detected when the extracts were applied in both bell pepper and tomato plants. The application of the water-extractable fractions, inoculated or not with Trichoderma, attenuates the RKN damage on the gas exchange parameters and successfully enhanced the nutrient concentration in the infected tomato and bell pepper plants, showing that it could be an important and promising tool for reducing the damage caused by this pathogen. We suggest that both the tomato and pepper plants can cope with the dilemma between growth and stress response via stomata regulation that are modulated by the WSF and Trichoderma.

Growth, Physiological, and Biochemical Variations in Tomatoes after Infection with Different Density Levels of Meloidogyne enterolobii

“…Nematode infection poses a biotic stress factor for plants, resulting in detrimental effects on roots and disrupting the transportation of minerals and water [ 60 ]. Consequently, this interference impacts the process of photosynthesis [ 61 ]. The outcomes of the current investigation demonstrate that the inoculation of nematodes resulted in a noteworthy decrease in various leaf gas exchange characteristics.…”

Diversity of bioprotective microbial organisms in Upper Region of Assam and its efficacy against Meloidogyne graminicola

“…T. asperellum isolated from chilli rhizosphere encompasses all ecological niches signifying itself as ubiquitous. Fungal isolates, including T. asperellum dwells in the rhizosphere of cocoyam, cacao and banana crop ( Tondje et al, 2007 ), sugar beet rhizosphere Egypt ( Gueye et al, 2020 ) and mango orchard, Mexico ( dos Santos Pereira et al, 2021 ). Undistrubed ecosystem reserves unexplored and potential microbes.…”

Effects of Organic Farming on the Physicochemical, Functional, and Quality Properties of Pomegranate Fruit: A Review

“…Vermicompost (VC) can be enriched with other eco-friendly products, including species of Trichoderma, which are commonly utilized as commercial formulations of biological control and plant growth promoters [29]. The common saprophytic fungi, Trichoderma asperellum (as a microbial inoculant), is an effective eco-friendly alternative method of controlling plant pathogens [30,31]. Hammad and El-Sagheer [28] used vermicompost with a commercial bio-product composition of T. asperellum containing 10% nitrogen, 10% phosphorus and 10% potassium at a rate of 3.3 mL tree −1 to compare eco-friendly strategies in the control of root knot nematode, M. incognita, infecting pomegranate orchards under greenhouse and open field conditions.…”