Trichoderma-Induced Acidification Is an Early Trigger for Changes in Arabidopsis Root Growth and Determines Fungal Phytostimulation

Pelagio‐Flores, Ramón; Esparza‐Reynoso, Saraí; Garnica-Vergara, Amira; López‐Bucio, José; Herrera-Estrella, Alfredo

doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.00822

Cited by 72 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…Nieto-Jacobo et al (2017) attributed such phenotype to impaired auxin signaling, whereas Pelagio-Flores et al 2017proposed that acidification of the medium by Trichoderma leads to the loss of root meristem functionality (after 72-96 h of interaction). Interestingly, they also showed that the beneficial effects provided by T. atroviride took place during the first 60 h. Contrastingly, we inoculated Arabidopsis seedlings at the root tips with the wild type and Dhda-2, and observed the inhibition of primary roots and the emergence of lateral roots and branching, but not the negative effects reported by Pelagio-Flores et al (2017). Additionally, the medium amended with 50% and 25% of free-mycelium culture filtrates of Trichoderma showed an enhanced inhibition of plant growth, whereas 12.5% and 6.25% showed enhanced Figure 9.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Trichoderma Histone Deacetylase HDA-2 Modulates Multiple Responses in Arabidopsis

et al. 2019

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Trichoderma spp. are a rich source of secondary metabolites and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which may induce plant defenses and modulate plant growth. In filamentous fungi, chromatin modifications regulate secondary metabolism. In this study we investigated how the absence of histone deacetylase HDA-2 in the Trichoderma atroviride strain Dhda-2 impacts its effect on a host, Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The production of VOCs and their impact on plant growth and development were assessed as well. The Dhda-2 strain was impaired in its ability to colonize Arabidopsis roots, thus affecting the promotion of plant growth and modulation of plant defenses against foliar pathogens Botrytis cinerea and Pseudomonas syringae, which normally result from interaction with T. atroviride. Furthermore, Dhda-2 VOCs were incapable of triggering plant defenses to counterattack foliar pathogens. The Dhda-2 overproduced the VOC 6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one (6-PP), which resulted in enhanced root branching and differentially regulated phytohormone-related genes. Analysis of ten VOCs (including 6-PP) revealed that three of them positively regulated plant growth, whereas six had the opposite effect. Assessment of secondary metabolites, detoxification, and communication with plant-related genes showed a dual role for HDA-2 in T. atroviride gene expression regulation during its interaction with plants. Chromatin immunoprecipitation of acetylated histone H3 on the promoters of plant-responsive genes in Dhda-2 showed, in the presence of Arabidopsis, low levels of epl-1 and abc-2 compared with that in the wild type; whereas ctf-1 presented high constitutive levels, supporting a dual role of HDA-2 in gene regulation. This work highlights the importance of HDA-2 as a global regulator in Trichoderma to modulate multiple responses in Arabidopsis. Phytohormones are small, signaling molecules, which occur at low concentrations and play pivotal roles in plants, including influencing plant growth and development. Classical phytohormones comprise auxins, abscisic acid, cytokinins, ethylene (ET), and gibberellic acid. However, brassinosteroids, jasmonates (JAs), and salicylic acid (SA) are considered phytohormones as well. These signaling molecules not only integrate, but also transmit environmental signals and modulate responses to abiotic and biotic stresses (Pieterse et al., 2009; De Bruyne et al., 2014). In their natural environments, plants interact with a plethora of microorganisms, establishing pathogenic or beneficial relationships. The plant response against these microbes lies primarily in an array of structural barriers or inducible defenses. The plant immune system has the ability to perceive nonself by recognizing pathogen-or microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs or MAMPs, respectively), and translate this perception into an appropriate adaptive response (Pieterse et al., 2009). Plants have developed the ability to enhance their basal resistance after PAMPs or MAMPs are detected, by triggering the systemic acquired resistanc...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Trichoderma Histone Deacetylase HDA-2 Modulates Multiple Responses in Arabidopsis

et al. 2019

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“…Possibly one of the mechanisms involved in root development is due to acidification of the site with the presence of Trichoderma. This process results in the early development of the roots, which after the first days of development occurs an inhibition of the primary root and consequently the development of secondary roots 37,49 , as a mechanism to escape the acidification of the medium. According to Cornejo, Trichoderma enhances the lateral roots instead of the formation of new roots.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tandon (2019) demonstrated that by alkalinizing the medium in the phosphorus solubilization process, mycelial production and phosphatase activity by Trichoderma decreased significantly, which contributes to the importance of pH in the phosphorus solubilization process 53 . Combined with another mechanism that can be important in the formation of the root system is the production of metabolites, such as auxins and ethylene, produced by a range of Trichoderma species 49,54 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphorus-solubilizing Trichoderma spp. from Amazon soils improve soybean plant growth

Bononi

Chiaramonte

Pansa

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

168

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Acidic soils rapidly retain applied phosphorus fertilizers and consequently present low availability of this nutrient to plants. the use of phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms to help plant phosphorus (P) absorption is a promising sustainable strategy for managing P deficiencies in agricultural soils. Trichoderma strains have been one of the most studied filamentous fungi for improving the production and development of several crop species mainly due to their capability for symbiotic associations and their ability to control soil-borne plant diseases. Thus, this work sought to bioprospect Trichoderma strains from the Amazon rainforest capable of solubilizing/mineralizing soil phosphate and promoting soybean growth. Soybean plants inoculated with selected Trichoderma strains were cultivated in soil under greenhouse conditions and under a gradient of rock phosphate and triple superphosphate. As a result, 19.5% of the isolated Trichoderma strains were able to solubilize phosphate. In addition, those strains produced different organic acids during the solubilization process. Trichoderma spp. strains showed positive responses in the promotion of soybean growth-from 2.1% to 41.1%-as well as in the efficiency of P uptake-up to 141%. These results reveal the potential of Trichoderma spp. from the Amazon biome as promising biofertilizer agents.The high demand for fertilizers used in Brazilian agriculture is a result of the growing population, which necessitates an increase in food production 1 . Brazil is the second-largest supplier of food and agricultural products and expected to be the leading producer of food to meet global demand in the near future 2 . Thus, applications of fertilizer are a routine activity in agricultural production as an attempt to promote crop growth to increase productivity. The requirement of fertilizers in the field results in the accumulation of those inputs in soils and water and, therefore, environmental pollution, causing problems to human and animal health 1,3 . In the future, Brazilian agriculture has to identify alternatives to reduce its dependence on chemical fertilizers while at the same time functioning in a lucrative and more sustainable way 4 .A range of nutrients is important for plant growth 5 , but the ones that limit agricultural production the most are nitrogen and phosphorus, which are important in the initial development of the plant 6,7 . Nitrogen fertilization in Brazil has decreased significantly with use of symbiotic associations with nitrogen-fixing bacteria 8,9 . However, Brazilian agriculture continues to depend on chemical phosphate fertilization 4 . The role of P in the plant is associated with three essential biochemical processes: energy production, respiration, and photosynthesis. P is also involved in enzymatic processes and is a component of nucleic acids and cell membranes [10][11][12][13] . Phosphorus is generally found in the lowest concentration in the soil, 0.01%, compared to 0.14% of nitrogen, mainly in tropical and subtropical regions 14,15 . Although ...

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“…At the same time, Trichoderma spp. have a strong colonization ability which, with the growth and extension of the root system, can increase the contact area between root and soil and increase the secretion of extracellular enzymes such as sucrase, urease, phosphatase, and organic acids in the rhizosphere, so as to improve the nutrient cycle and enzyme activity in the soil [6,68,69]. Yedidia [70] showed that under a hydroponic system, T. harzianum T203 could significantly increase the nutrient conversion and absorption of P, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Na, thus promoting cucumber growth and yield.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Two Trichoderma Strains on Plant Growth, Rhizosphere Soil Nutrients, and Fungal Community of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Annual Seedlings

Halifu

Deng

Song

et al. 2019

Forests

123

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Trichoderma spp. are proposed as major plant growth-promoting fungi that widely exist in the natural environment. These strains have the abilities of rapid growth and reproduction and efficient transformation of soil nutrients. Moreover, they can change the plant rhizosphere soil environment and promote plant growth. Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica has the characteristics of strong drought resistance and fast growth and plays an important role in ecological construction and environmental restoration. The effects on the growth of annual seedlings, root structure, rhizosphere soil nutrients, enzyme activity, and fungal community structure of P. sylvestris var. mongolica were studied after inoculation with Trichoderma harzianum E15 and Trichoderma virens ZT05, separately. The results showed that after inoculation with T. harzianum E15 and T. virens ZT05, seedling biomass, root structure index, soil nutrients, and soil enzyme activity were significantly increased compared with the control (p < 0.05). There were significant differences in the effects of T. harzianum E15 and T. virens ZT05 inoculation on the growth and rhizosphere soil nutrient of P. sylvestris var. mongolica (p < 0.05). For the E15 treatment, the seedling height, ground diameter, and total biomass of seedlings were higher than that those of the ZT05 treatment, and the rhizosphere soil nutrient content and enzyme activity of the ZT05 treatment were higher than that of the E15 treatment. The results of alpha and beta diversity analyses showed that the fungi community structure of rhizosphere soil was significantly different (p < 0.05) among the three treatments (inoculated with T. harzianum E15, T. virens ZT05, and not inoculated with Trichoderma). Overall, Trichoderma inoculation was correlated with the change of rhizosphere soil nutrient content.

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Trichoderma-Induced Acidification Is an Early Trigger for Changes in Arabidopsis Root Growth and Determines Fungal Phytostimulation

Cited by 72 publications

References 62 publications

Trichoderma Histone Deacetylase HDA-2 Modulates Multiple Responses in Arabidopsis

Trichoderma Histone Deacetylase HDA-2 Modulates Multiple Responses in Arabidopsis

Phosphorus-solubilizing Trichoderma spp. from Amazon soils improve soybean plant growth

Effects of Two Trichoderma Strains on Plant Growth, Rhizosphere Soil Nutrients, and Fungal Community of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Annual Seedlings

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