Triglycerides and small dense LDL: the twin Achilles heels of the Friedewald formula

Sniderman, Allan D.; Blank, David; Zakarian, Robert; Bergeron, Jean; Fröhlich, Jiří

doi:10.1016/s0009-9120(03)00117-6

Cited by 98 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…A potential modifying influence on drug disposition is inflammation, which is often associated with a decrease in the expression of drug metabolizing enzymes and transport proteins (18,39). We could not determine any significant increase in TNF- concentrations from baseline over the 12 day assessment period, nor were measurable concentrations of IL-6 detected in any of the rats.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…The terminal half-life of P407 has been estimated at 20.9 h based on urine concentrations (34), which was close to the estimated half-life of decline of TC and TG after 1 g/kg doses ( Table 1). The use of the Friedewald equation was unsuccessful in our rats probably due to a combination of the known higher-than-human concentrations of HDL-C in control rats, coupled with, in P407 treated rats, the very high concentrations of TG (39). Although it could not be estimated here, it is known through direct measure of cholesterol in the LDL fraction of plasma that LDL-C concentrations are very high at 36 h after P407 (37).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

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The Single Dose Poloxamer 407 Model of Hyperlipidemia; Systemic Effects on Lipids Assessed Using Pharmacokinetic Methods, and its Effects on Adipokines

Chaudhary

Brocks

2013

J Pharm Pharm Sci

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-Purpose:The induction of hyperlipidemia using poloxamer 407 (P407) is gaining use for studying the effect of the condition on drug pharmacokinetics. Although a single intraperitoneal dose of P407 causes a rapid onset of hyperlipidemia, the initial lipid concentrations are much higher than seen in humans. The hyperlipidemia is also reversible in nature. Here, pharmacokinetic methods were used to assess the P407 dose response on serum lipids, adipokines and cytokines. Methods: Single 0.5 and 1 g/kg doses of P407 were injected into rats followed by blood collection at various times for up to 12 d. Serum was assayed for lipids, selected adipokines and cytokines. Results: As expected, large increases in lipid levels were seen by 36 h after dosing. Using area under the concentration vs. time curve as a measure of systemic lipid exposure, P407 increased serum baseline corrected serum lipids in a nearly dose proportional fashion. The maximum increase in lipids was observed at ~36 h, with most lipids remaining elevated for up to ~180 h, although for the 1 g/kg dose triglyceride concentrations had still not quite returned to baseline by 12 days postdose. In addition to changes in lipids, P407 significantly increased serum leptin and decreased the serum adiponectin concentrations but did not affect cytokine levels. Conclusion: Depending on study aims, for the use of the model it may be beneficial to perform single-dose assessments at time points later than 36 h when the lipoprotein concentrations will be more similar to those seen in patient with hyperlipidemia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

The Single Dose Poloxamer 407 Model of Hyperlipidemia; Systemic Effects on Lipids Assessed Using Pharmacokinetic Methods, and its Effects on Adipokines

Chaudhary

Brocks

2013

J Pharm Pharm Sci

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“…Similarly, calculation of LDL-c/HDL-c ratio seems strange since HDL-c is included in both numerator and denominator [29]. On the other hand the advantages of using apolipoproteins over classical lipid parameters can be emphasized by the availability of standardised assays that are accurate and automated [30]. Moreover, fasting samples are not mandatory.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Apo B/Apo A-I Ratio is Statistically A Better Predictor of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) than Conventional Lipid Profile: A Study from Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Tamang¹,

Timilsina

Singh

et al. 2014

JCDR

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“…Nevertheless, use of the Friedewald formula for non-fasting blood samples remains controversial. 30,31 Although we assume that the non-fasting state is not different between men who later develop prostate cancer and men who do not, its possible role as source of bias should be considered when interpreting the results. Most likely, a non-differential underestimation of LDL cholesterol might result in a bias toward the null, that is, an underestimation of the HR for LDL cholesterol.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood lipid levels and prostate cancer risk; a cohort study

Kok

Roermund

Aben

et al. 2011

Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis

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It has been hypothesized that blood lipid levels might be associated with prostate cancer risk. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between serum total cholesterol, highdensity lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides and prostate cancer risk in a cohort study among 2842 Dutch men. By the end of follow-up, 64 incident cases of prostate cancer were identified. Serum total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides were evaluated as potential risk factors for prostate cancer using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models. These analyses were restricted to men who never used cholesterol-lowering drugs (2118 men, 43 cases). Higher total and higher LDL cholesterol were significantly associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer (hazards ratios (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) per mmol l À1 were 1.39 (95% CI 1.03-1.88) and 1.42 (95% CI 1.00-2.02), respectively). Similar results were observed for aggressive prostate cancer, whereas for nonaggressive prostate cancer a significant association with HDL cholesterol was found (HR 4.28, 95% CI 1.17-15.67). The results of this study suggest that blood lipid levels may influence risk of prostate cancer. However, the exact roles of different cholesterol fractions on prostate cancer aggressiveness should be further evaluated.

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Triglycerides and small dense LDL: the twin Achilles heels of the Friedewald formula

Cited by 98 publications

References 25 publications

The Single Dose Poloxamer 407 Model of Hyperlipidemia; Systemic Effects on Lipids Assessed Using Pharmacokinetic Methods, and its Effects on Adipokines

The Single Dose Poloxamer 407 Model of Hyperlipidemia; Systemic Effects on Lipids Assessed Using Pharmacokinetic Methods, and its Effects on Adipokines

Apo B/Apo A-I Ratio is Statistically A Better Predictor of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) than Conventional Lipid Profile: A Study from Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Blood lipid levels and prostate cancer risk; a cohort study

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