Triterpenoids from Ganoderma lucidum and Their Potential Anti-inflammatory Effects

Abstract

Ganoderma lucidum, as food, tea, dietary supplement, and medicine, is widely used in China and Eastern Asian countries. In order to discover its anti-inflammatory constituents and provide some references for the usage of G. lucidum and G. sinense, two official species in China, the fruiting bodies of G. lucidum were studied, leading to the isolation of six new triterpenoids (1–6) and 27 known analogues (7–33). Compound 4 exhibited the most potent inhibition on nitric oxide (NO) production induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. The production of IL-6 and IL-1β, as well as the expression of iNOS, COX-2, and NF-κB were dose-dependently reduced by 4. The phosphorylations of IκBα and IKKβ in LPS-induced macrophage cells were blocked by 4. Therefore, 4 could be used as a potential anti-inflammatory candidate and the total triterpenoids might be developed as value-added functional food for the prevention of inflammation. In combination of previous studies, it should be cautious for the interchangeable usage of G. lucidum and G. sinense.

The in vitro and in vivo wound-healing effects of royal jelly derived from Apis mellifera L. during blossom seasons of Castanea mollissima Bl. and Brassica napus L. in South China exhibited distinct patterns

“…The final concentrations of DMSO present in control and experimental groups were lower than 0.05%. LPS from Escherichia coli (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, USA) was added to a final concentration of 1 μg/ml [ 30 , 31 ]. About 24 h later, the culture supernatants were collected and reacted with 100 μl of Griess reagent composed of 1% sulfanilamide in 5% phosphoric acid and 0.1% N-(1-naphthyl) ethylenediamine for 10 min at room temperature in a dark place.…”

“…To measure the secretion of cytokines modulated by royal jelly extracts in RAW 264.7 cells, the culture supernatants collected above for the measurement of NO production was also tested for the generation of TNF-α (tumour necrosis factor-α) and TGF-β1 (transforming growth factor-β1) using ELISA kits (Dakewe, Beijing, China). Briefly, 5.0 × 10 6 RAW 264.7 cells were seeded into each well of 24-well plates and incubated for 12 h. Cells were treated with serum-free DMEM with or without royal jelly extracts for 1 h before the treatment of LPS (1 μg/ml) for a further 24 h [ 30 , 31 ]. The final concentrations of DMSO present in control and experimental groups were lower than 0.05%.…”

Evidence for Effective Inhibitory Actions on Hyperpolarization-Activated Cation Current Caused by Ganoderma Triterpenoids, the Main Active Constitutents of Ganoderma Spores

“…The triterpenoid fraction of Ganoderma , consisting of more than 300 lanostane-tetracyclic compounds, has been growingly demonstrated to be effective at exerting an array of biological actions such as that known either to provide effective antioxidant activities for prevention of myocardial injury, or to produce neuroprotective actions [2,3,4,5,6,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21]. Ganoderma triterpenoids (GTs) could also suppress inflammatory response by directly scavenging the free radicals or systemically enhancing the antioxidant enzymes, thereby lowering lipid peroxidase in chicken livers or mice [2,3,8,17,20,21,22,23]. The aqueous extract from GL was previously reported to exert anti-convulsant, anti-depressive, anxiolytic and anti-nociceptive actions [6,12,24,25].…”

Traditional uses, chemical components and pharmacological activities of the genus Ganoderma P. Karst.: a review

“…Wu et al isolated six triterpenoids from G. lucidum. 85 Among them, the compound methyl lucidenate L (198) has a strong inhibitory effect on the NO-induced by LPS and attenuates the production of pro-inammatory cytokines including IL-6 and IL-1b in RAW264.7 cells. At the same time, 198 effectively reduced the expression levels of iNOS, COX-2 and NF-kB, and inhibited the phosphorylation of IkBa and IKKb in LPS-induced macrophages.…”