2003
DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3115(02)01377-6
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Tritium retention of plasma facing components in tokamaks

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Cited by 80 publications
(58 citation statements)
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“…Such amount of water would only weigh approximately 10 À3 mg. As for the deuterium uptake, the experimental conditions are very unfavorable for the retention. It is known that the saturated hydrogen concentration in graphite decreases with temperature and becomes insignificant for temperatures above 1000 K. 23 Since the temperatures in our experiments were approaching 1500 K, the exposed graphite areas were relatively small, and hydrogen atoms are very light, we can safely neglect the mass of the retained gas in the measurements. Additional analyses performed after plasma exposure of the samples included surface profilometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM).…”
Section: à3mentioning
confidence: 89%
“…Such amount of water would only weigh approximately 10 À3 mg. As for the deuterium uptake, the experimental conditions are very unfavorable for the retention. It is known that the saturated hydrogen concentration in graphite decreases with temperature and becomes insignificant for temperatures above 1000 K. 23 Since the temperatures in our experiments were approaching 1500 K, the exposed graphite areas were relatively small, and hydrogen atoms are very light, we can safely neglect the mass of the retained gas in the measurements. Additional analyses performed after plasma exposure of the samples included surface profilometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM).…”
Section: à3mentioning
confidence: 89%
“…On some occasions neutron-based ERDA has been applied but lateral resolution has not been satisfactory [69]. Investigation of the isotope distribution in the surface region can be accomplished by means of tritium imaging plate technique (TIPT) [70,71] and/or Beta (b) induced X-ray spectroscopy (BIXS) [72]. The information depth is limited to approximately 5 lm.…”
Section: Application Of Surface Analysis To Fuel Retention Studiesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Mapping with TIPT has been done for tiles from JET after the full D-T campaign [71], whilst the analysis of the total T content in these tiles has been accomplished at the Tritium Laboratory at the Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe. Limiter and divertor tiles were sectioned first by coring technique and then by slicing the cylindrical samples into 1 mm thick discs which were then fully combusted in oxygen thus transforming tritium into tritiated water.…”
Section: Application Of Surface Analysis To Fuel Retention Studiesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Most of the tritium with high energy of about 1MeV is escaped from the main plasma without energy loss and is deeply injected into the carbon tiles (~μm) [4].…”
Section: B Tokamak Dischargementioning
confidence: 99%