Truck tyre transient rolling resistance and temperature at varying vehicle velocities - Measurements and simulations

Hyttinen, Jukka; Ussner, Matthias; Österlöf, Rickard; Jerrelind, Jenny; Drugge, Lars

doi:10.1016/j.polymertesting.2023.108004

Cited by 15 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The developed rolling resistance model effectively captures the transient rolling resistance of bicycle tyres at various ambient temperatures and drive times. Consistent with prior investigations [ 31 , 37 ], the general characteristic behaviour of warming-up and subsequent reduction in rolling resistance post-start is successfully reproduced.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…The presented transient tyre temperature and rolling resistance model has a physical basis and it is tuned using prior measurements [ 21 ]. The model showcases changes in rolling resistance similar to those observed in truck tyres [ 31 ]. However, on a bicycle the transient effects take place on a smaller scale.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Especially at extremely low ambient temperatures (−30°C), the transient rolling resistance is significant. The change is not nearly as great for bicycle tyres as it is, for example, for truck tyres [ 20 , 31 ], but the change in rolling resistance is still noticeable at cold temperatures. Moreover, about 9 minutes at constant speed seems enough to reach a steady-state condition.…”

Section: Rolling Resistance Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Simulation of transient rolling resistance of bicycle tyres at various ambient temperatures

Hyttinen,

Rothhämel,

Jerrelind

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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The range of an electrically assisted bicycle, which is constrained by the rider’s cycling ability and the battery capacity, is heavily influenced by rolling resistance. Furthermore, the magnitude of rolling resistance affects commuters’ motivation to decide whether to cycle or to choose another way to commute. This paper presents a way to simulate the transient rolling resistance of bicycle tyres as a function of ambient temperature. The significance of the change in driving resistance at different ambient temperatures is demonstrated through the range simulation of an electrically assisted bicycle at varying ambient temperatures. A representative driving cycle for bicycle commuters was created, enabling comparison of dynamic behaviour in a standardised set, to evaluate the effect of ambient temperature on the battery capacity and the increase in driving resistances. To the authors’ knowledge, this kind of model has not previously been created for bicycles. The model calculates tyre temperature based on the heat transfer, considering the heating—i. e., rolling resistance—and cooling effects—i. e., convective and radiative cooling. The decrease in tyre temperature results in an increase in rolling resistance and a decrease in the battery capacity, which was considered in the simulations. The results show significantly increased energy demand at a very low ambient temperature (down to −30°C) compared to + 20°C. The novelty of this article is simulating energy expenditure of bicycle dynamically as a function of ambient temperature. This model includes a temperature-dependent transient bicycle rolling resistance model as well as a battery capacity model. The findings provide researchers with a better comprehension of parameters affecting energy expenditure of bicycles at different ambient or tyre temperatures. The models can be used as a tool during the design process of bicycles to quantify the required battery capacities at different climates. In addition, traffic planners can use the model to assess the effect of changes in infrastructure on motivation to utilise bicycles.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Rolling Resistance Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Simulation of transient rolling resistance of bicycle tyres at various ambient temperatures

Hyttinen,

Rothhämel,

Jerrelind

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

Self Cite

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“…Finally, it must be underlined that the Hc values, calculated using the equation, increase with speed. Such a result complies with empirical observations about the tyre temperature behaviour, such as that described by Hyttinen et al [36].…”

Section: Equation Validationsupporting

confidence: 92%

Tyre–Road Heat Transfer Coefficient Equation Proposal

Cattani,

Magrini

2023

Applied Sciences

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Tyres are one of the most important elements of a vehicle because they are the link to the road and have a huge impact on traffic-related pollution. Knowing their behaviour, thus being able to use them at their best and reducing their wear rate, is one of the means of improving their lifetime, which means decreasing traffic environmental impact. In order to understand how tyres behave and to predict the real-time tyre–road coefficient of friction, which is strongly influenced by the temperature, in the last few years several complex thermo-mechanical models of heat transfer inside the tyre have been developed. However, in the current state of the art of the literature and practice, there is still an important parameter regarding such models that is not deeply studied. This parameter is the heat transfer coefficient between the tyre and the road at the contact patch, which usually is considered as a constant. The current research paper allows understanding that such an approximation is not always valid for all of the speeds and tyre loads of city and race cars; instead, it is developed an equation that, for the first time, calculates the real-time, dynamic tyre–road heat transfer coefficient, taking into account the tyre’s travelling speed and the footprint length. The equation results are in good agreement with the empirical values coming from the literature and permit understanding how much such a parameter can vary, depending on the tyre use range. The formulation is simple enough to be easily implemented in existing thermodynamic tyre models without requiring meaningful computational time.

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A Propulsion Energy Estimator for Road Vehicles

Emvin,

Bruzelius,

Romano

et al. 2024

Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering

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Residual range estimation plays a crucial role in route selection and the trust of electric vehicles (EVs). With inspiration from longitudinal vehicle dynamics, a simple and computationally efficient model for traction power is presented. Such a model has the advantage of being exclusively based on vehicle exogenous parameters. The model allows for insight into variations in power usage along a transport operation and separation of power losses originating from air drag, rolling resistance, hill climbing, and inertial forces. A model of this structure can handle regenerative braking and estimate service brake usage as an additional feature. Also, it treats the inherent truncation bias resulting from truncating a stochastic process. Evaluation of the performance is presented using Monte Carlo simulations, comparing the estimation error against a simple benchmark model and vehicle log data.

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Truck tyre transient rolling resistance and temperature at varying vehicle velocities - Measurements and simulations

Cited by 15 publications

References 13 publications

Simulation of transient rolling resistance of bicycle tyres at various ambient temperatures

Simulation of transient rolling resistance of bicycle tyres at various ambient temperatures

Tyre–Road Heat Transfer Coefficient Equation Proposal

A Propulsion Energy Estimator for Road Vehicles

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