True contextuality in a psychophysical experiment

Cervantes, Víctor H.; Dzhafarov, Ehtibar N.

doi:10.1016/j.jmp.2019.04.006

Cited by 26 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…In recent years it has been recognized as contextuality ( 176 – 178 ). In fact contextuality of a form similar to that observed in quantum mechanics has been observed in psychological experiments at both the social ( 179 ) and the individual level ( 180 ). This is a profound observation, because it demands a re-thinking of the use of probability theory in describing, modeling and analyzing behaving systems.…”

Section: Dynamical Phases Phase Transitions and The Continuumsupporting

confidence: 56%

The Continuum Between Temperament and Mental Illness as Dynamical Phases and Transitions

Sulis

2021

Front. Psychiatry

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The full range of biopsychosocial complexity is mind-boggling, spanning a vast range of spatiotemporal scales with complicated vertical, horizontal, and diagonal feedback interactions between contributing systems. It is unlikely that such complexity can be dealt with by a single model. One approach is to focus on a narrower range of phenomena which involve fewer systems but still cover the range of spatiotemporal scales. The suggestion is to focus on the relationship between temperament in healthy individuals and mental illness, which have been conjectured to lie along a continuum of neurobehavioral regulation involving neurochemical regulatory systems (e.g., monoamine and acetylcholine, opiate receptors, neuropeptides, oxytocin), and cortical regulatory systems (e.g., prefrontal, limbic). Temperament and mental illness are quintessentially dynamical phenomena, and need to be addressed in dynamical terms. A meteorological metaphor suggests similarities between temperament and chronic mental illness and climate, between individual behaviors and weather, and acute mental illness and frontal weather events. The transition from normative temperament to chronic mental illness is analogous to climate change. This leads to the conjecture that temperament and chronic mental illness describe distinct, high level, dynamical phases. This suggests approaching biopsychosocial complexity through the study of dynamical phases, their order and control parameters, and their phase transitions. Unlike transitions in physical systems, these biopsychosocial phase transitions involve information and semiotics. The application of complex adaptive dynamical systems theory has led to a host of markers including geometrical markers (periodicity, intermittency, recurrence, chaos) and analytical markers such as fluctuation spectroscopy, scaling, entropy, recurrence time. Clinically accessible biomarkers, in particular heart rate variability and activity markers have been suggested to distinguish these dynamical phases and to signal the presence of transitional states. A particular formal model of these dynamical phases will be presented based upon the process algebra, which has been used to model information flow in complex systems. In particular it describes the dual influences of energy and information on the dynamics of complex systems. The process algebra model is well-suited for dealing with the particular dynamical features of the continuum, which include transience, contextuality, and emergence. These dynamical phases will be described using the process algebra model and implications for clinical practice will be discussed.

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Section: Dynamical Phases Phase Transitions and The Continuumsupporting

confidence: 56%

The Continuum Between Temperament and Mental Illness as Dynamical Phases and Transitions

Sulis

2021

Front. Psychiatry

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“…NCI are also violated in experiments in social, behavioural and cognitive sciences [ 20 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 ], this is why when discussing the results of Bell tests, we will only talk about contextuality and not about non-locality . We also agree with Peres that unperformed experiments have no results [ 76 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contextuality-by-Default Description of Bell Tests: Contextuality as the Rule and Not as an Exception

Kupczyński

2021

Entropy

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Contextuality and entanglement are valuable resources for quantum computing and quantum information. Bell inequalities are used to certify entanglement; thus, it is important to understand why and how they are violated. Quantum mechanics and behavioural sciences teach us that random variables ‘measuring’ the same content (the answer to the same Yes or No question) may vary, if ‘measured’ jointly with other random variables. Alice’s and Bob’s raw data confirm Einsteinian non-signaling, but setting dependent experimental protocols are used to create samples of coupled pairs of distant ±1 outcomes and to estimate correlations.Marginal expectations, estimated using these final samples, depend on distant settings. Therefore,a system of random variables ‘measured’ in Bell tests is inconsistently connected and it should be analyzed using a Contextuality-by-Default approach, what is done for the first time in this paper.The violation of Bell inequalities and inconsistent connectedness may be explained using a contextual locally causal probabilistic model in which setting dependent variables describing measuring instruments are correctly incorporated. We prove that this model does not restrict experimenters` freedom of choice which is a prerequisite of science. Contextuality seems to be the rule and not an exception; thus, it should be carefully tested.

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“…These ideas are presented in condensed form in Appendix B. Most importantly, they have demonstrated in at least two psychological experiments-one social and thus somewhat similar to collective intelligence [18], and one individual [19]-the presence of contextuality comparable to that observed in quantum mechanics. A complementary approach is that of Khrennikov, who developed an extension of Kolmogorov probability theory that he called contextual probability theory, which involves modifications of the sum rule for probabilities in a manner analogous to the development of non-Euclidean geometry [83][84][85].…”

Section: Generativity Interactions and Contextualitymentioning

confidence: 89%

“…The conflation of classicality and Kolmogorov probability has led to endless speculation about non-realism, non-locality, multiverses, observer-dependent reality, and so on. However, Dzhafarov and colleagues have demonstrated that a condition on probabilities equivalent to these inequalities is violated in decision experiments involving groups [18] and individuals [19]. Aerts and colleagues have also demonstrated CHSH values in human cognition which appear to surpass the Cirel'son bound [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contextuality in Neurobehavioural and Collective Intelligence Systems

Sulis

2021

Quantum Reports

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Contextuality is often described as a unique feature of the quantum realm, which distinguishes it fundamentally from the classical realm. This is not strictly true, and stems from decades of the misapplication of Kolmogorov probability. Contextuality appears in Kolmogorov theory (observed in the inability to form joint distributions) and in non-Kolmogorov theory (observed in the violation of inequalities of correlations). Both forms of contextuality have been observed in psychological experiments, although the first form has been known for decades but mostly ignored. The complex dynamics of neural systems (neurobehavioural regulatory systems) and of collective intelligence systems (social insect colonies) are described. These systems are contextual in the first sense and possibly in the second as well. Process algebra, based on the Process Theory of Whitehead, describes systems that are generated, transient, open, interactive, and primarily information-driven, and seems ideally suited to modeling these systems. It is argued that these dynamical characteristics give rise to contextuality and non-Kolmogorov probability in spite of these being entirely classical systems.

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True contextuality in a psychophysical experiment

Cited by 26 publications

References 62 publications

The Continuum Between Temperament and Mental Illness as Dynamical Phases and Transitions

The Continuum Between Temperament and Mental Illness as Dynamical Phases and Transitions

Contextuality-by-Default Description of Bell Tests: Contextuality as the Rule and Not as an Exception

Contextuality in Neurobehavioural and Collective Intelligence Systems

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