Trust in automation: Part I. Theoretical issues in the study of trust and human intervention in automated systems

Shall I Trust a Recommendation? Towards an Evaluation of the Trustworthiness of Recommender Sites

“…Trust is what influences the relationship between quality (e.g., of a piece of information, or of a service) and usage (e.g., of that piece of information, or of that service). In other words, trust is the intervening variable that directly affects the use of a certain technology [17]. This statement is actually even truer for web sites, which today offer their users a wide range of features, some of these explicitly pushing social aspects.…”

Drivers’ Reliance on Lane-Keeping Assistance Systems as a Function of the Level of Assistance

“…On the contrary, if operators are more confident in their own abilities than they trust the automation, then they will likely choose manual control. Empirical evidence for this was found in a number of studies (e.g., De Vries, Midden, & Bouwhuis, 2003;Lee & Moray, 1992, 1994Lewandowsky, Mundy, & Tan, 2000). Riley's model also accounts -although not very detailed -for the influence of operator states (fatigue) on reliance and the time dynamics influencing the relation between trust and reliance.…”

“…On the other hand, relying on heuristics in the decision to rely on an automated system may not be appropriate in any situational context. The demand for well-calibrated trust that matches the true capabilities of a system gains its importance in this point (Lee & Moray, 1994;Lee & See, 2004;Muir, 1987Muir, , 1994Sheridan & Hennessy, 1984). Wellcalibrated trust is characterised by high resolution and high specificity (Cohen, Parasuraman, & Freeman, 1999;Lee & See, 2004).…”

“…Trust is proposed as an intervening variable that mediates reliance under conditions of uncertainty. The monitoring role of human operators in supervisory control implicates that operators have no complete knowledge of the exact properties of the automation in any possible conditions (Muir, 1994). Lee and See (2004) define trust as "the attitude that an agent will help achieve an individual's goal in a situation characterised by uncertainty and vulnerability" (p. 54).…”

“…In general, reliance on a system is operationally defined as the extent to which a system is used by operators (e.g., Dzindolet, Peterson, Pomranky, Pierce, & Beck, 2003;Dzindolet, Pierce, Beck, & Dawe, 2002;Lee & Moray, 1992, 1994Parasuraman & Riley, 1997;Riley, 1996). Rather than a discrete decision of engaging and disengaging automation, reliance reflects a graded process of operators allocating control between themselves and a system (Lee & See, 2004).…”