Trypanosoma brucei Plimmer &amp; Bradford, 1899 is a synonym of T. evansi (Steel, 1885) according to current knowledge and by application of nomenclature rules

Molinari, Jesús; Moreno, S. Andrea

doi:10.1007/s11230-018-9779-z

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…While it has been suggested by some to consider T. evansi as a T. brucei variant, a most recent revision has been proposed based on the proper application of the principles of biological nomenclature. This proposal suggests to rename all T. brucei subspecies as T. evansi subspecies, and even adopt the use of T. evansi gambiense and T. evansi rhodesiense for human infective African Trypanosomes ( 4 ). Important in the context of the parasite-host interplay of T. evansi is the notion that several human T. evansi infections have been reported in- and outside Africa ( 11 ).…”

Section: Classification Of the Main Pathogenic Salivarian Trypanosomementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence, control still relies on a combination of active case diagnosis and treatment, as well as vector control ( 2 , 3 ). In this review we cover the classification of trypanosomes, which has recently become under scrutiny ( 4 ), as well as new discoveries with respect to genetic exchange between trypanosomes that takes place in the insect vector ( 5 , 6 ). In addition, the paper provides an update on recent discoveries with respect to the B cell destructive potential of trypanosomes ( 7 , 8 ), T cell biology ( 9 ), and the impact of trypanosomosis on red blood cell (RBC) homeostasis and infection-associated anemia ( 10 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Salivarian Trypanosomosis: A Review of Parasites Involved, Their Global Distribution and Their Interaction With the Innate and Adaptive Mammalian Host Immune System

et al. 2018

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Salivarian trypanosomes are single cell extracellular parasites that cause infections in a wide range of hosts. Most pathogenic infections worldwide are caused by one of four major species of trypanosomes including (i) Trypanosoma brucei and the human infective subspecies T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense, (ii) Trypanosoma evansi and T. equiperdum, (iii) Trypanosoma congolense and (iv) Trypanosoma vivax. Infections with these parasites are marked by excessive immune dysfunction and immunopathology, both related to prolonged inflammatory host immune responses. Here we review the classification and global distribution of these parasites, highlight the adaptation of human infective trypanosomes that allow them to survive innate defense molecules unique to man, gorilla, and baboon serum and refer to the discovery of sexual reproduction of trypanosomes in the tsetse vector. With respect to the immunology of mammalian host-parasite interactions, the review highlights recent findings with respect to the B cell destruction capacity of trypanosomes and the role of T cells in the governance of infection control. Understanding infection-associated dysfunction and regulation of both these immune compartments is crucial to explain the continued failures of anti-trypanosome vaccine developments as well as the lack of any field-applicable vaccine based anti-trypanosomosis intervention strategy. Finally, the link between infection-associated inflammation and trypanosomosis induced anemia is covered in the context of both livestock and human infections.

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Section: Classification Of the Main Pathogenic Salivarian Trypanosomementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salivarian Trypanosomosis: A Review of Parasites Involved, Their Global Distribution and Their Interaction With the Innate and Adaptive Mammalian Host Immune System

et al. 2018

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“…T. evansi belongs to the same clade of T. brucei sub-species. Interestingly, T. evansi and T. brucei genomes are not that similar as the only overlapping sequences between the two are contained to one minicircle of genetic material [17,18].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multidrug resistance protein structure of Trypanosoma evansi isolated from buffaloes in Ngawi District, Indonesia: A bioinformatics analysis

et al. 2021

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Background and Aim: Trypanosomiasis, also known as surra, is an infectious disease with a wide host spectrum. In Indonesia, this disease is caused by Trypanosoma evansi. Various trypanocidal drugs have been used to treat this pathogen and subsequent disease. Yet, the long-term trypanocidal administration generates drug-resistant T. evansi. Some have identified genetic alterations in T. evansi transporter protein-coding genes that may be responsible for drug resistance. The Multidrug Resistance Protein E (MRPE) gene is a likely candidate gene responsible for the individual resistance. To date, no research has focused on T. evansi MRPE (TevMRPE) in this context. Hence, this research aimed at analyzing and characterizing the TevMRPE gene and protein using a bioinformatics approach. Materials and Methods: T. evansi was isolated from buffalo suffering from surra in Ngawi Regency, Indonesia. Isolated T. evansi was inoculated and cultured in male mice. The T. evansi genome was isolated from mouse blood with a parasitemia degree as high as 105. A polymerase chain reaction procedure was conducted to amplify the putative MRPE coding gene. The amplicon was sequenced and analyzed using MEGA X, BLAST, and I-tasser softwares. Results: The putative TevMRPE coding gene showed sequence similarity as high as 99.79% against the MRPE gene from Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. The protein profile and characteristics depicted that the putative TevMRPE protein was related to a family of Adenosine Triphosphate-Binding Cassette (ABC) transporter proteins. This family of transporter proteins plays a crucial role in the resistance toward several medicines. Conclusion: The obtained gene sequence in this research was identified as the TevMRPE. This gene is homologous to the T. brucei gambiense MRPE gene and possesses ligand active sites for Adenylyl Imidodiphosphate. In addition, MRPE contains enzyme active sites similar to the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. These data suggest that ABC transport proteins, like MRPE, may be necessary to confer trypanocidal drug resistance in T. evansi.

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“…Due to phylogenetic similarities, T. evansi and T. equiperdum were suggested to be subspecies of T. brucei ( Lai et al, 2008 ; Carnes et al, 2015 ; Kamidi et al, 2017 ; Borges et al, 2021 ). However, such a taxonomical change is not allowed by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ( ICZN, 1999 ; Molinari and Moreno, 2018 ). Thus, in this review, we will adhere to the conventionally used species names.…”

Section: Evolution and Cell Surface Composition Of Trypanosomamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Anchor: A Linchpin for Cell Surface Versatility of Trypanosomatids

Borges

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Engstler

et al. 2021

Front. Cell Dev. Biol.

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The use of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) to anchor proteins to the cell surface is widespread among eukaryotes. The GPI-anchor is covalently attached to the C-terminus of a protein and mediates the protein’s attachment to the outer leaflet of the lipid bilayer. GPI-anchored proteins have a wide range of functions, including acting as receptors, transporters, and adhesion molecules. In unicellular eukaryotic parasites, abundantly expressed GPI-anchored proteins are major virulence factors, which support infection and survival within distinct host environments. While, for example, the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) is the major component of the cell surface of the bloodstream form of African trypanosomes, procyclin is the most abundant protein of the procyclic form which is found in the invertebrate host, the tsetse fly vector. Trypanosoma cruzi, on the other hand, expresses a variety of GPI-anchored molecules on their cell surface, such as mucins, that interact with their hosts. The latter is also true for Leishmania, which use GPI anchors to display, amongst others, lipophosphoglycans on their surface. Clearly, GPI-anchoring is a common feature in trypanosomatids and the fact that it has been maintained throughout eukaryote evolution indicates its adaptive value. Here, we explore and discuss GPI anchors as universal evolutionary building blocks that support the great variety of surface molecules of trypanosomatids.

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Trypanosoma brucei Plimmer & Bradford, 1899 is a synonym of T. evansi (Steel, 1885) according to current knowledge and by application of nomenclature rules

Cited by 11 publications

References 50 publications

Salivarian Trypanosomosis: A Review of Parasites Involved, Their Global Distribution and Their Interaction With the Innate and Adaptive Mammalian Host Immune System

Salivarian Trypanosomosis: A Review of Parasites Involved, Their Global Distribution and Their Interaction With the Innate and Adaptive Mammalian Host Immune System

Multidrug resistance protein structure of Trypanosoma evansi isolated from buffaloes in Ngawi District, Indonesia: A bioinformatics analysis

The Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Anchor: A Linchpin for Cell Surface Versatility of Trypanosomatids

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