Tsunamis generated by fast granular landslides: 3D experiments and empirical predictors

Bregoli, Francesco; Bateman, Allen; Medina, Vicente

doi:10.1080/00221686.2017.1289259

Cited by 42 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The wave characteristics are dependent on the landslide impact parameters [Fritz et al, 2003a[Fritz et al, , 2003b[Fritz et al, , 2004Zweifel et al, 2006;Heller and Hager, 2010;Mohammed and Fritz, 2012;McFall and Fritz, 2016;Bregoli et al, 2017;Miller et al, 2017]. The governing tsunami generation parameters investigated in this study are the water depth h, slide impact velocity v s , slide thickness s, slide width b, slide volume V s , slide length scale L s 5 V s /(sb), and shoreline radius r c .…”

Section: Physical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Runup of granular landslide‐generated tsunamis on planar coasts and conical islands

McFall

Fritz

2017

JGR Oceans

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Large‐scale physical model experiments of tsunamis generated by granular landslides and volcanic flank collapses are conducted to study the wave runup on both the hill slope laterally adjacent to the landslide and an opposing hill slope. A pneumatic landslide tsunami generator was deployed on planar and convex conical hill slopes to simulate deformable landslides with various geometries and kinematics. On the landslide hill slope, maximum runup and rundown were observed in the landslide impact region followed by adjacent second maxima after the lateral waves were fully formed. The runup and rundown decayed asymptotically from the second maxima. In the conical island scenario, a localized runup amplification was measured on the lee side of the island. Outside the landslide impact region, the effects of the landslide granulometry on the lateral wave runup are minimal. The lateral wave runup on the planar hill slope was generally larger than on the convex conical hill slope outside the landslide impact region. The convex conical hill slope traps less lateral wave energy. The zeroth mode of the edge wave dispersion relation matched the first and second lateral waves on the planar hill slope and the first wave on the convex conical hill slope. Predictive equations for the laterally propagating wave characteristics are derived and a method to predict the runup on an opposing hill slope is presented. The predictive wave and runup equations are benchmarked against the 2007 landslide‐generated tsunami in Chehalis Lake, British Columbia, Canada.

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Section: Physical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Runup of granular landslide‐generated tsunamis on planar coasts and conical islands

McFall

Fritz

2017

JGR Oceans

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“…In addition, all studies were based on wave gauge data from a limited number of measurement locations. Bregoli et al (2017) demonstrated the advantages of a videometric measurement approach: First, this approach allows for a continuous representation of the water surface and therefore an adaptive tracking of specific wave conditions in the impact region. Second, in contrast to capacitance wave gauges, the measurement devices may not be damaged by the impacting slide mass.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial Impulse Wave Generation and Propagation

Evers

Hager

Boes

2019

J. Waterway, Port, Coastal, Ocean Eng.

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Rapid landslides into water bodies may generate massive water waves posing a threat to riparian settlements and infrastructure. These waves are referred to as impulse waves and exhibit tsunami-like characteristics. The generation and in particular the spatial propagation of impulse waves was studied in a hydraulic laboratory wave basin. A videometric measurement system was applied to track the water surface displacement. Compared to fixed wave gauges typically applied in previous studies, this technique yields a quasi-continuous representation of the water surface allowing for a detailed analysis of spatial propagation patterns. In total 74 experiments with deformable mesh-packed slides were conducted thereby varying the slide impact velocity, the slide mass, the slide thickness, the slide width, the slide impact angle, and the stillwater depth. Empirically derived prediction equations are presented and discussed for key wave characteristics including wave amplitudes and celerities. In the context of a preliminary hazard assessment, these equations allow for the estimation of wave magnitudes at prototype-scale.

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“…The systematic error propagates through the empirical formulas defined after the experimental analyses. In Bregoli et al (2017), a sensitivity analysis on the proposed formulas has been performed including artificially the worst maximum systematic errors along z. A system able to measure the main parameters of experiments of tsunamis generated by landslides have been presented.…”

Section: Errors and Uncertaintymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Particularly, the methodology allowed measuring the wave displacement at high resolution in space and high frequency in time, avoiding the classical point measurements given by probes and depicting wave series measurement which is not space dependent. For the specific experiments of tsunamis generated by landslides, the space-independent measurement is particularly beneficial because the point of maximum wave amplitude condition, corresponding with the beginning of wave propagation, forms at a certain distance from impact and it is strongly dependent on the landslide characteristics, thus varying for each run initial conditions (Bregoli et al 2017). This measurement technique addresses the observation of multiphase mass-flow complex phenomena at high details and versatility.…”

Section: Errors and Uncertaintymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Image-based measuring systems are suitable for laboratories of hydraulics and have been used in several experimental practices (Erikson and Hanson 2005;Yao and Wu 2005;Iglesias et al 2009;Wang et al 2012;Gabl et al 2018). In order to study impulsive water wave generated by landslides, a specific application of image-based measurements has been set up in the Fluvial Morphdodynamics I laboratory of the Sediment Transport Research Group (GITS) in the Technical University of Catalonia (Bregoli et al 2017). When a landslide falls into a water body, a huge impulsive wave can be generated (Kamphuis and Bowering 1970;Ward 2001;Mergili et al 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Versatile image-based measurements of granular flows and water wave propagation in experiments of tsunamis generated by landslides

Bregoli

Medina

Bateman

2020

J Vis

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Landslides falling into water bodies can generate destructive waves, which can be classified as tsunamis. An experimental facility to study this phenomenon has been set up. It consists of a landslide generator releasing gravel at high-speed into a wave basin. A non-intrusive system has been designed ad-hoc to be able to measure the high velocity and the geometry of the landslide as well as the generated waves characteristics. The measurement system employs the treatment of images captured by a high-speed camera which records the launched granular material illuminated by a laser sheet. A grid of laser sheets marks the basin water surface. The water has been filled by a small amount of kaolin to properly reflect the laser light at water surface. Thus, by filming with high definition cameras the perturbed water surface and successively processing the resulting images, it has been possible to measure the generated waves. The measurement framework employs a versatile camera calibration technique which allows accurate measurements in presence of: (1) high lens distortions; (2) pronounced non-parallelism condition between camera sensor and plane of measurement coincident with the laser sheet. The maximum resolution of the measurement tool is 0.01 mm, while the maximum uncertainty due to systematic error has been estimated to be 15% for the worst-case scenario. This work improves the suitability of image-based measuring systems in granular flows and free surface hydraulics experiments.

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Tsunamis generated by fast granular landslides: 3D experiments and empirical predictors

Cited by 42 publications

References 37 publications

Runup of granular landslide‐generated tsunamis on planar coasts and conical islands

Runup of granular landslide‐generated tsunamis on planar coasts and conical islands

Spatial Impulse Wave Generation and Propagation

Versatile image-based measurements of granular flows and water wave propagation in experiments of tsunamis generated by landslides

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