Tumor Initiation and Promotion Effects of Petroleum Streams in Mouse Skin

GERHART, J. M.; Hatoum, Nabil S.; HALDER, C. A.; WARNE, T. M.; SCHMITT, S. L.

doi:10.1093/toxsci/11.1.76

Cited by 7 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…The study by Gerhart et al (1988) provides further support that diesel fuels are promoters. These authors conducted initiation/promotion (I/P) bioassays to assess the I/P potential of several petroleum streams, including furnace oil (similar in composition to diesel fuel No.…”

Section: B Diesel Fuels Act Via a Promotional/epigenetic Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 67%

“…There are numerous studies describing the carcinogenic potential of petroleum hydrocarbons, including diesel fuel (Smith et al, 1951;Hueper and Ruchhoft, 1954;Shubik and Saffiotti, 1955;Shapiro and Getmanets, 1962;Saffiotti and Shubik, 1963;Getmanets, 1967;Weil and Condra, 1977;Bingham and Barkley, 1979;Grimmer et al, 1982;Nesnow et al, 1982;Doak et al, 1983;Gradiski et al, 1983;Lewis, 1983;Blackburn et al, 1984;Coomes and Hazer, 1984;Haider et al, 1984;Kane et al, 1984;Karimov et al, 1984;Lewis et al, 1984;Cragg et al, 1985;Blackburn et al, 1986;Dutcher et al, 1986;Karimov et al, 1986;NTP, 1986;Witschi et al, 1987;Biles et al, 1988;Gerhart et al, 1988;API, 1989;McKee et al, 1989aMcKee et al, , 1989b. We have reviewed these studies and selected those that provide relevant data concerning the potential carcinogenicity of diesel fuel and middle distillates.…”

Section: Animal Bioassaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All the remaining studies concerning the dermal carcinogenic potential of diesel fuel and its constituents were selected for estimating human cancer risks at low doses (Lewis et al, 1984;NTP 1986;Witschi et al, 1987;Biles et al, 1988;Gerhart et al, 1988;API, 1989). While arguments can be made for selecting certain of these studies over others (e.g., the Witschi et al study provides doseresponse data, but the API and Biles et al studies provide data on more types of diesel fuels), the approach taken in this assessment was to model the cancer risks from all the studies.…”

Section: Hazard Evaluation: Analyses Of the Dose-response Relationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tumor responses did not appear to have been directly related to aromatic carbon content or to the presence of specific PAHs. Gerhart et al (1988) conducted lifetime dermal carcinogenesis studies along with initiation/promotion studies of petroleum streams in order to investigate the correlative carcinogenic predictiveness of the initiation/promotion bioassay with conventional lifetime bioassays. The materials tested were a solvent-extracted lubricant base oil, a furnace oil, and a dewaxed heavy paraffinic distillate.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Human health‐based soil cleanup guidelines for diesel fuel no. 2

Millner

James

Nye³

1992

Journal of Soil Contamination

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Soil cleanup guidelines were developed for diesel fuel No. 2 that are protective of human health. Guidelines were conservatively based on a residential land use scenario. This scenario estimates human health risks associated with long-term exposure to site soil via the inhalation, dermal, and ingestion routes of exposure. Lifetime dermal cancer studies were selected as the basis for deriving a safe level of diesel fuel in soil. Soil cleanup guidelines for diesel fuel No. 2 ranged from 1166 to 11,287 mg/kg for adult or child residents and represent contaminant levels that pose acceptable health risks for both present and proposed future uses of a site.

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Section: B Diesel Fuels Act Via a Promotional/epigenetic Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 67%

Section: Animal Bioassaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hazard Evaluation: Analyses Of the Dose-response Relationmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Human health‐based soil cleanup guidelines for diesel fuel no. 2

Millner

James

Nye³

1992

Journal of Soil Contamination

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“…Straight-run PMOs which boil below 700°F contain relatively low concentrations of PAHs. Even so, both straight-run and blended PMDs have been shown to be weakly active in the mouse skin painting assay (Lewis et al, 1982;Gerhart et al, 1985;American Petroleum Institute, 1989a;Witschi et aI., 1987;Clark et aI., 1988;Biles et al, 1988). The PMD response is characterized by low tumor yields and long latency periods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 90-Day Toxicity Study of the Effects of Petroleum Middle Distillates on the Skin of C3H Mice

et al. 1990

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Petroleum middle distillates (PMDs) elicit skin tumors in mouse epidermal carcinogenesis studies. The response is characterized by a long latency with only a small percentage of animals developing tumors. Although the carcinogenic activity of certain other petroleum hydrocarbons largely depends upon the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), many PMDs contain relatively low concentrations of PAHs. PMDs are also irritating to mouse skin, and chronic irritation may be involved in the development of skin tumors. This study was conducted to investigate the patterns of cutaneous irritation elicited by topical application of PMDs having compositional differences. The three PMDs selected for study were a steam cracked gas oil (SCGO), a lightly refined paraffinic oil (LRPO), and a jet fuel (JF). Male C3H/HeNCr1BR mice (25/group) were treated topically (37.5 microliters 2x/week for 13 weeks) with 10%, 50% or 100% (undiluted) concentrations of each PMD. Catalytically cracked clarified oil (CCCO, 10%), a potent carcinogen to mouse skin, was also tested. The vehicle was a noncarcinogenic mineral oil with a viscosity of 90 SUS. Cutaneous changes were evaluated by gross observations and light microscopy. Cutaneous irritation was the only significant toxic response in this study. Neither the vehicle nor any of the 10% PMD concentrations produced significant cutaneous irritation. The 10% CCCO and 50% PMD treatments all elicited slight to moderate proliferative and inflammatory changes in mouse skin. Ulcers were also observed microscopically in mice treated with 10% CCCO and 50% SCGO. The 100% SCGO treatment produced evidence of necrosis on Days 1-7 but not later in the study despite continued treatment. In contrast, the irritating effects of 100% LRPO were not evident until 2-3 weeks of study, and at study completion were characterized by moderately severe inflammatory and proliferative changes. The effects of 100% JF were qualitatively similar to 100% LRPO but less marked. Thus, the SCGO caused a different pattern of cutaneous responses than either LRPO or JF. The possible relationships of these cutaneous changes to epidermal carcinogenesis are being studied further.

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