Twenty-two compositional characterizations and theoretical energy potentials of extensively diversified China's crop residues

Abstract

Knowledge of the compositional properties of crop residues feedstocks is important for process control and handling of co-products and waste from energy utilization. In this study, 1076 crop residues were collected from 326 sites across China. Chemical analysis of five organic chemical compositions, four proximate compositions, five ultimate compositions and eight mineral elements were conducted. Energy potentials of crop residues in China were quantified based on their compositional characterization. Results showed that the compositional characteristics of wheat straw, rice straw, corn stover, rape stalk and cotton stalk were shown to be significant different (p < 0.05) and highly variable. The coefficients of variation were negatively correlated with the means of crop residues compositions. Principal component analysis reflected that the compositions could explain several variations and clustering rules of the five crop residues. The correlations among parameters could be briefly summarized as hemicelluloses/ash-cellulose/lignin/water soluble carbohydrates/crude protein/P, water soluble carbohydrates-crude protein, crude protein-N-P-Mg-Cu, volatile matter-ash-fixed carbon, C-H-ON -S, P-K-Na-Ca and ash-C/H/O/K (p <0.01). The energy potentials of the five substrates were also significantly different (p < 0.05). The higher heating values, theoretical ethanol yields, and theoretical biomethane yields of the crop residues were 12.97-18.58 MJ/kg, 336.69-658.25 g/kg, and 151.48-288.45 L/kg, respectively.

Physicochemical characterization and bioactive compounds of stalk from hot fruits of Capsicum annuum L.

“…The re-utilization of agricultural waste as a bioresource for the production of novel products is related to its chemical composition and properties. In general, the chemical composition is dependent on the crop species and variety, geographic origin, and conditions during growing, storage and processing [21]. Agricultural wastes are heterogeneous materials that need to be reduced into small particles before processing.…”

Base cation‐enhancing role of corn straw biochar in an acidic soil

“…Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.), rice ( Oryza sativa L.) and corn ( Zea mays L.) are three major crops worldwide and are also the main crops in China, making up 67.5% of the total crop yield (Wang et al, 2012). Table 6 lists the average crop residue yield (Che et al, 2016; Meng et al, 2016; Zhao et al, 2013), grain yield (Che et al, 2016; Chuan et al, 2013; Meng et al, 2016), K, Ca and Mg contents of crop residue and grain (Huang et al, 2016; Niu et al, 2016; Tang et al, 2014; Xu, He, et al, 2013; Xue et al, 2017; Zhao et al, 2013) and required amounts of nutrients for wheat, rice and corn. The table also lists the calculated biochar needed annually in the acidic soil region of China considering the corresponding total leaching percentages of K, Ca and Mg (Figure 4b).…”

Assessing the effects of different agro-residue as substrates on growth cycle and yield of Grifola frondosa and statistical optimization of substrate components using simplex-lattice design

“…Corn cob was considered the best agricultural residue among all the other common studied wastes (Naraian et al 2009 ). Because corn is widely grown in the world, the corn cob is abundant, readily available and cheap, a notable percentage makes up the by-product of maize processing (Niu et al 2016 ) and has been widely used in industry and agriculture. Its composition indicates the potential utilization as substrate for fungal growth as well as the production of industrial enzymes such as xylanase and xylose among others (Amaro-Reyes et al 2016 ; Kashid and Ghosalkar 2017 ).…”