Two-dimensional semiconductors in the regime of strong light-matter coupling

Schneider, Christian; Glazov, M. M.; Korn, Tobias; Höfling, Sven; Urbaszek, B.

doi:10.1038/s41467-018-04866-6

Cited by 334 publications

(309 citation statements)

References 113 publications

(158 reference statements)

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“…Literature on optoelectronics based on TMDCs is growing rapidly every year with reports on single material and heterostructure devices. Enhanced light-matter interaction even at monolayer thickness along with a direct bandgap and mechanical flexibility gives clear advantage over silicon (Si) technology [6,26]. Optoelectronic devices such as photodetectors, photovoltaics, light-emitting devices and optical modulators have been demonstrated using TMDCs across a wide range of device architectures and measurement methodologies [4,27,28].…”

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confidence: 99%

Optoelectronic and photonic devices based on transition metal dichalcogenides

Thakar

Lodha

2020

Mater. Res. Express

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Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) are a family of two-dimensional layered materials (2DLMs) with extraordinary optical properties. They present an attractive option for future multifunctional and high-performance optoelectronics. However, much remains to be done to realize a mature technology for commercial applications. In this review article, we describe the progress and scope of TMDC devices in optical and photonic applications. Various photoresponse mechanisms observed in such devices and a brief discussion on measurement and analysis methods are described. Three main types of optoelectronic devices, namely photodetectors, photovoltaics and lightemitting devices are discussed in detail with a focus on device architecture and operation. Examples showing experimental integration of 2DLM-based devices with silicon photonics are also discussed briefly. A wide range of data for key performance metrics is analysed with insights into future directions for device design, processing and characterization that can help overcome present gaps and challenges. While the field is still in its infancy and requires significant efforts toward standardizing various approaches towards a mature technology, it has already shown promising results in broader aspects of compatibility, integration and performance for future electronics. Sensors are increasingly becoming an integrated part of the global electronic eco-system with the rise of data-driven technologies. There is a growing need for networks of cost-effective, robust and reliable sensors and their integration with present technologies. Optoelectronic and photonic devices are of importance for both sensing as well as high-speed optical communication applications. 2DLMs demonstrate significant light-matter interaction that is tunable with external physical and electronic parameters such as pressure, strain, electric and magnetic field [1-6]. Moreover, 2DLMs show strong dependence of their band structure on thickness with a transition to direct bandgap in monolayers in most of the known 2DLMs [7][8][9]. Graphene has been the most studied material since its discovery in 2004 [10][11][12]. Apart from graphene, there are nearly 1500 possible 2DLMs with a wide range of material properties as predicted by first principle simulations [13]. Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) are a family of 2DLMs in the form of MX 2 compounds, where M is a transition metal (Mo, W, Re) and X is a chalcogen (S, Se, Te). TMDCs are promising for electronic applications due to their semiconducting behaviour as opposed to semi-metallic graphene, and better thermal stability than materials such as black phosphorus and silicene [14][15][16][17][18][19]. Optoelectronic devices based on TMDCsTMDCs have been the most studied 2DLMs, apart from graphene and black phosphorus, for electronic and optoelectronic device applications [20,21]. They have a sizeable bandgap in the visible and near infrared (NIR) range (∼1-2 eV) that is optimal for optoelectronic sensors and light-emitting sources for short-ran...

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confidence: 99%

Optoelectronic and photonic devices based on transition metal dichalcogenides

Thakar

Lodha

2020

Mater. Res. Express

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“…Constructing a strong coupling system requires the quantum emitter with large transition momentum, which perfectly matches the advantage of strong excitonic effect in 2DLMs . Therefore, with the employment of 2DLMs, numbers of investigations with novel observations in the field of strong coupling are performed . Figure c illustrates the representative strong coupling systems constructed by 2DLMs and plasmonic nanocavities, where the TMDs together with a single plasmonic nanostructure or the nanoparticle on nanofilm structure are chosen .…”

Section: Outlook and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in Quantum Effects of 2D Materials

Chen

et al. 2019

Adv Quantum Tech

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The celebrated discovery of graphene has spurred tremendous research interest in two‐dimensional layered materials (2DLMs) with unique attributes in the quantum regime. In 2DLMs, each layer is composed of a covalently bonded lattice and is weakly coupled to its neighboring layers by van der Waals interactions. There are abundant members in this 2DLM family beyond graphene, such as transition metal dichalcogenides (MX2, M = Mo, W; X = S, Se, Te), semimetal chalcogenide (InSe), black phosphorus, etc. The 2DLMs afford rich and ideal material platforms for studying quantum effects and their corresponding applications in the two‐dimensional (2D) limit. In this review, the emerging quantum effects in 2DLMs are examined with particular focus on their band structure evolvement, valleytronics, and quantum Hall/quantum spin Hall effects. Based on the summary of quantum effects discovered in 2DLMs, the future research directions and prospective applications are also discussed.

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“…For more comprehensive reviews about various types of polaritons in the entire vdW and 2D material family, please refer to the following reviews . There is also an earlier review paper that focuses on the studies of strong light‐matter coupling in 2D semiconductors by 2017 . In the following sections of the paper, we will first discuss the generic dispersion properties of EPs and the experimental techniques that are used to probe EPs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To understand the dispersion relations of the three polaritonic branches of the EPs, it is useful to write down the dielectric function of exciton resonance

ε (ω, k) = ε_{1} + i ε_{2} = ε_{\infty} + \frac{(ω_{L}^{2} - ω_{T}^{2}) ε_{\infty}}{ω_{T}^{2} - ω^{2} + ℏ ω_{T} k^{2} / M_{x} - 2 i ω γ_{ex}}

where ω T and ω L are the transverse and longitudinal resonance frequencies at zero momentum ( k = 0), ω is the angular frequency of the excitation optical beam, ε ∞ is the background dielectric constant, γ ex is exciton decay rate, the term ħω T k 2 /M x describes the spatial dispersion of excitons (exciton energies increases at higher momentum) that is normally quite small in the experiment accessible momentum regime, M x = m e + m h is the translation mass of exciton, and ħ is the reduced Planck constant. Note that the realistic dielectric function (Figure d) consists of multiple exciton resonances like Equation as well as a huge background contribution from interband transitions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress on Exciton Polaritons in Layered Transition‐Metal Dichalcogenides

Fei

2019

Advanced Optical Materials

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Exciton polaritons (EPs) are half‐light, half‐matter quasiparticles formed due to the coupling between photons and excitons in semiconductors. Their uniqueness lies at the strong light–matter interactions and long‐distance transport, thus promising for many novel applications in photonics, information, and quantum technologies. Recently, EPs in group‐VI transition‐metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have attracted a lot of research interest due to their room‐temperature stability, long‐distance propagation, and controllability through electric gating, valley‐selective optical pumping, and precise thickness control. In this progress report, recent studies of EPs in TMDs are reviewed, highlighting their key properties and functionalities, and then discussing the potential directions for future research.

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Two-dimensional semiconductors in the regime of strong light-matter coupling

Cited by 334 publications

References 113 publications

Optoelectronic and photonic devices based on transition metal dichalcogenides

Optoelectronic and photonic devices based on transition metal dichalcogenides

Recent Advances in Quantum Effects of 2D Materials

Recent Progress on Exciton Polaritons in Layered Transition‐Metal Dichalcogenides

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