Two distinct endothelial lineages in ontogeny, one of them related to hemopoiesis

Abstract

We have shown previously by means of quail/chick transplantations that external and visceral organs, i.e., somatopleural and splanchnopleural derivatives, acquire their endothelial network through different mechanisms, namely immigration (termed angiogenesis) versus in situ emergence of precursors (or vasculogenesis). We have traced the distribution of QH1-positive cells in chick hosts after replacement of the last somites by quail somites (orthotopic grafts) or lateral plate mesoderm (heterotopic grafts). The results lead to the conclusion that the embryo becomes vascularized by endothelial precursors from two distinct regions, splanchnopleural mesoderm and paraxial mesoderm. The territories respectively vascularized are complementary, precursors from the paraxial mesoderm occupy the body wall and kidney, i.e., they settle along with the other paraxial mesoderm derivatives and colonize the somatopleure. The precursors from the two origins have distinct recognition and potentialities properties: endothelial precursors of paraxial origin are barred from vascularizing visceral organs and from integrating into the floor of the aorta, and are never associated with hemopoiesis; splanchnopleural mesoderm grafted in the place of somites, gives off endothelial cells to body wall and kidney but also visceral organs. It gives rise to hemopoietic precursors in addition to endothelial cells.

Evolution of Somite Compartmentalization: A View From Xenopus

“…We should also add that somites give rise to another cell type, the adipocyte at least in mice ( Sanchez-Gurmaches and Guertin, 2014 ; Sebo et al, 2018 ). In chick, somitic ECs give rise to trunk, abdominal wall, limb vessels, and also to lymphatic ones ( Pardanaud et al, 1996 ; Ambler et al, 2001 ; Wilting and Becker, 2006 ; Sato, 2013 ). The contribution of somitic vSMCs is limited to the aorta in the trunk region and to the vessels in the limb and abdominal wall ( Pouget et al, 2008 ; Wang et al, 2015 ).…”

“…The ECs and vSMCs that make up the blood vessels throughout the body have various origins. While ECs are exclusively from the splanchnic or the somitic mesoderm, vSMCs are derived from the neural crest and, from the splanchnic or the somitic mesoderm ( Pardanaud et al, 1996 ; Pouget et al, 2006 and, 2008 ; Etchevers et al, 2001 ). The aorta formation has also been the focus of intense research in vertebrates as the adult hematopoietic stem cells are generated from the ventral aortic hemangioblasts.…”

“…The aorta formation has also been the focus of intense research in vertebrates as the adult hematopoietic stem cells are generated from the ventral aortic hemangioblasts. This bipotent progenitors can also differentiate into endothelial cells ( Pardanaud et al, 1996 ; Pardanaud and Dieterlen-Lièvre, 1999 ; Ciau-Uitz et al, 2010 ; Ciau-Uitz and Patient, 2016 ). In zebrafish, the aorta hemangioblasts are the first to migrate from the PLM to the midline, coalesce, and form the single aorta.…”

“…In Xenopus and amniotes, a pair of nascent cardinal vein appears bilaterally before fusing medially ( Cleaver et al, 1997 ; Levine et al, 2003 ). In chicks, they are formed from somitic ECs, and in Xenopus , the question on whether somitic ECs could participate in the formation of the PCV and aorta is raised ( Pardanaud et al, 1996 ; Pouget et al, 2006 ).…”

Recent Advances in Developmental Hematopoiesis: Diving Deeper With New Technologies

“…In zebrafish embryos, the dorsal endothelium does not originate from the splanchnopleura (lateral plate mesoderm) but from the paraxial mesoderm (103). In the avian embryo, the dorsal endothelium that derives from the splanchnopleura is progressively replaced by paraxial mesoderm-derived endothelial cells (as the ventral endothelium), which corresponds to the end of aortic hematopoiesis (104)(105)(106).…”