Two FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) homologs in Chenopodium rubrum differ in expression patterns

Cháb, David; Kolář, Jan; Olson, Matthew S.; Štorchová, Helena

doi:10.1007/s00425-008-0792-3

Cited by 45 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…We also investigated genes retained in multiple copies. We found that quinoa, like C. rubrum 29 and B. vulgaris 30 , contains two genes that are orthologous to the A. thaliana gene FT, which regulates flowering time. Quinoa contains two homoeologous copies of FT2 and three of FT1, owing to a local tandem duplication (Fig.…”

Section: Analysis Of Sub-genome Contentmentioning

confidence: 91%

The genome of Chenopodium quinoa

Jarvis

Lightfoot

et al. 2017

Nature

605

706

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Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd., 2n = 4x = 36) is a highly nutritious crop that is adapted to thrive in a wide range of agroecosystems. It was presumably first domesticated more than 7,000 years ago by pre-Columbian cultures and was known as the 'mother grain' of the Incan Empire 1 . Quinoa has adapted to the high plains of the Andean Altiplano (> 3,500 m above sea level), where it has developed tolerance to several abiotic stresses [2][3][4] . Quinoa has gained international attention because of the nutritional value of its seeds, which are gluten-free, have a low glycaemic index 5 , and contain an excellent balance of essential amino acids, fibre, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals 6 . Quinoa has the potential to provide a highly nutritious food source that can be grown on marginal lands not currently suitable for other major crops. This potential was recognized when the United Nations declared 2013 as the International Year of Quinoa, this being one of only three times a plant has received such a designation.Despite its agronomic potential, quinoa is still an underutilized crop 7 , with relatively few active breeding programs 8 . Breeding efforts to improve the crop for important agronomic traits are needed to expand quinoa production worldwide. To accelerate the improvement of quinoa, we present here the allotetraploid quinoa genome. We demonstrate the utility of the genome sequence by identifying a gene that probably regulates the presence of seed triterpenoid saponin content. Moreover, we sequenced the genomes of additional diploid and tetraploid Chenopodium species to characterize genetic diversity within the primary germplasm pool for quinoa and to understand sub-genome evolution in quinoa. Together, these resources provide the foundation for accelerating the genetic improvement of the crop, with the objective of enhancing global food security for a growing world population. Sequencing, assembly and annotationWe sequenced and assembled the genome of the coastal Chilean quinoa accession PI 614886 (BioSample accession code SAMN04338310) using single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing technology from Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) and optical and chromosome-contact maps from BioNano Genomics 9 and Dovetail Genomics 10 . The assembly contains 3,486 scaffolds, with a scaffold N50 of 3.84 Mb and 90% of the assembled genome contained in 439 scaffolds (Table 1). The total assembly size of 1.39 gigabases (Gb) is similar to the reported size estimates of the quinoa genome (1.45-1.50 Gb (refs 11,12)). To combine scaffolds into pseudomolecules, an existing linkage map from quinoa 13 was integrated with two new linkage maps. The resulting map (Extended Data Fig. 1) of 6,403 unique markers spans a total length of 2,034 centimorgans (cM) and consists of 18 linkage groups (Supplementary Table 7), corresponding to the haploid chromosome number of quinoa. Pseudomolecules (hereafter referred to as chromosomes, which are numbered according to a previously published single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) linkage ...

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Section: Analysis Of Sub-genome Contentmentioning

confidence: 91%

The genome of Chenopodium quinoa

Jarvis

Lightfoot

et al. 2017

Nature

605

706

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“…The calibrated normalized ratios of the relative amount of the target and reference gene were calculated as published in Cháb et al [57]: E R CpR x E T -CpT where E T , E R are the efficiencies for target or reference gene qRT-PCR assay, and CpT, CpR a crossing points for target or reference genes. Expression levels were normalized against Nt ACT2 as the reference gene.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overexpression of the Auxin Binding PROTEIN1 Modulates PIN-Dependent Auxin Transport in Tobacco Cells

et al. 2013

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BackgroundAuxin binding protein 1 (ABP1) is a putative auxin receptor and its function is indispensable for plant growth and development. ABP1 has been shown to be involved in auxin-dependent regulation of cell division and expansion, in plasma-membrane-related processes such as changes in transmembrane potential, and in the regulation of clathrin-dependent endocytosis. However, the ABP1-regulated downstream pathway remains elusive.Methodology/Principal FindingsUsing auxin transport assays and quantitative analysis of cellular morphology we show that ABP1 regulates auxin efflux from tobacco BY-2 cells. The overexpression of ABP1can counterbalance increased auxin efflux and auxin starvation phenotypes caused by the overexpression of PIN auxin efflux carrier. Relevant mechanism involves the ABP1-controlled vesicle trafficking processes, including positive regulation of endocytosis of PIN auxin efflux carriers, as indicated by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) and pharmacological manipulations.Conclusions/SignificanceThe findings indicate the involvement of ABP1 in control of rate of auxin transport across plasma membrane emphasizing the role of ABP1 in regulation of PIN activity at the plasma membrane, and highlighting the relevance of ABP1 for the formation of developmentally important, PIN-dependent auxin gradients.

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“…Conversely, exposure of the obligate SD plant goosefoot (Chenopodium rubrum) to LDs will induce FT-like gene expression resulted in early flowering (Chá b et al, 2008). Tropical maize varieties are either moderately or highly sensitive to photoperiod and will flower earlier under SDs than under LDs.…”

Section: Responses Of Ft-like Zcn Genes To a Floral Inductive Sd Treamentioning

confidence: 99%

TheFT-LikeZCN8Gene Functions as a Floral Activator and Is Involved in Photoperiod Sensitivity in Maize

2011

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The mobile floral-promoting signal, florigen, is thought to consist of, in part, the FT protein named after the Arabidopsis thaliana gene FLOWERING LOCUS T. FT is transcribed and translated in leaves and its protein moves via the phloem to the shoot apical meristem where it promotes the transition from vegetative to reproductive development. In our search for a maize FT-like floral activator(s), seven Zea mays CENTRORADIALIS (ZCN) genes encoding FT homologous proteins were studied. ZCN8 stood out as the only ZCN having the requisite characteristics for possessing florigenic activity. In photoperiod sensitive tropical lines, ZCN8 transcripts were strongly upregulated in a diurnal manner under floral-inductive short days. In day-neutral temperate lines, ZCN8 mRNA level was independent of daylength and displayed only a weak cycling pattern. ZCN8 is normally expressed in leaf phloem, but ectopic expression of ZCN8 in vegetative stage shoot apices induced early flowering in transgenic plants. Silencing of ZCN8 by artificial microRNA resulted in late flowering. ZCN8 was placed downstream of indeterminate1 and upstream of delayed flowering1, two other floral activator genes. We propose a flowering model linking photoperiod sensitivity of tropical maize to diurnal regulation of ZCN8.

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Two FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) homologs in Chenopodium rubrum differ in expression patterns

Cited by 45 publications

References 40 publications

The genome of Chenopodium quinoa

The genome of Chenopodium quinoa

Overexpression of the Auxin Binding PROTEIN1 Modulates PIN-Dependent Auxin Transport in Tobacco Cells

TheFT-LikeZCN8Gene Functions as a Floral Activator and Is Involved in Photoperiod Sensitivity in Maize

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