Two Nations: Black and White, Separate, Hostile, Unequal.

Carson, Clayborne; Hacker, Andrew

doi:10.2307/2079858

Cited by 18 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…Unsurprisingly, people in all walks of life have become mindful of the worth of certain racial identities and the relative worthlessness of others. This was vividly illustrated by a provocative social experiment in the 1990s conducted by political scientist Hacker (1992). Hacker found that when white students were presented with an imaginary scenario in which they and their families became black overnight, they felt on average that $50 million would be a fair compensation for their altered social identities.…”

Section: Whiteness As Symbolic Capital and Status Propertymentioning

confidence: 99%

True colors of global economy: In the shadows of racialized capitalism

Prasad

2021

Organization

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This paper unpacks the notion of racial capitalism and highlights its salience for Management and Organization Studies. Racial capitalism is a process of systematically deriving socio-economic value from non-white racial identity groups, and has shaped the contours and trajectories of capitalism for over 500 years. Drawing on the contributions of W.E.B. Du Bois, Bourdieu, and a number of labor historians, we argue that whiteness operates as symbolic capital and status property in market conditions, and is therefore responsible for perpetuating economic inequalities along color lines all over the world. We demonstrate how the extra value placed on whiteness can create a shadowland of split labor markets, colorism, and transnational patterns of expropriation that systematically disadvantage populations of color.

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Section: Whiteness As Symbolic Capital and Status Propertymentioning

confidence: 99%

True colors of global economy: In the shadows of racialized capitalism

Prasad

2021

Organization

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“…The direction of the future depends a great deal on whether various groups who have the opportunity to do so will define themselves as White and whether others will acknowledge them as White and allow them to be incorporated into the White classification as happened in past centuries for the Irish, Italians, Jews, Greeks, and others. Of special interest in U.S. politics is whether Hispanic/Latinx people will primarily define themselves as White or whether most will give more emphasis to their Hispanic heritage and similarly, whether Asians will be able to move from the status of what Hacker (1992) called “probationary Whites” to either a White or at least a Non‐Black category (Hochschild et al., 2012). Both Hispanic/Latinx people and Asians have had a high rate of intermarriage with Whites, so their children and their children's children increasingly fall into the blurred or hybrid categories about which right‐wing political leaders have been concerned and through which more progressive groups have seen a multicultural future (Frey, 2018; Lewis & Cantor, 2016).…”

Section: The Elasticity and Ambiguity Of Whitenessmentioning

confidence: 99%

The invention of race and the persistence of racial hierarchy: White privilege, White supremacy, and White colorblindness

DiTomaso

2024

Social & Personality Psych

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Given the long history of contention over the meaning of race and the continued discomfort about what role it plays in the structure of inequality, I endeavor to clarify the origins of the association of race with skin color and other physical features by briefly discussing the historical record by which race became codified in law. My focus is the U.S. and specifically Colonial Virginia, where the codification of racial categories in law was especially consequential. I also discuss the existence of a racial hierarchy in which Whites are dominant and Nonwhites of various types are subordinate. I argue that the continued existence of this racial hierarchy not only has a legacy from the past, but it is reproduced in the present and continues to have major effects on the life chances of those thought of as belonging to different racial groups. I also discuss the elasticity, ambiguity, and contested nature of racial classifications, as well as the internal differentiation among those thought to belong to the same racial groups and the changes and variations over time that are continually remaking the meaning of race. Because of the political significance of race, I also clarify the meaning of key concepts that have been receiving recent attention: White privilege, White supremacy, and White colorblindness. Finally, I discuss race as a process rather than as a classification and briefly discuss how Whites and men can become allies, advocates, and activists in support of social justice.

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“…Previous research has acknowledged issues regarding how the criminal justice system, or more specifically law enforcement officials, treat minority citizens. Previous studies have also mentioned problems regarding the mistreatment of minority citizens, including: (a) a formula in the criminal justice system that equates "Young + Black + Male" with probable cause (Gaynes, 1992;Wacquant, 2001); (b) law enforcement targeting Black citizens, because police cannot differentiate between law-abiding citizens and those up to no good (Hacker, 2010); and (c) police view Black skin as probable cause (Payne, 1992).…”

Section: Social Conditioning Model and Illusory Correlationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding vehicle consent search requests through the use of the social conditioning model and illusory correlation

Waldspurger,

Vito

2023

International Journal of Police Science & Management

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Previous studies show racial or ethnic bias in police decision-making for consent search requests. Yet, few studies apply the social conditioning model and illusory correlation to explain an officer's decision-making for requesting consent to search the driver's vehicle. Furthermore, a potential consideration when using this theory has not considered the possible explanation that the officer may also conduct such a request because the officer views the citizen as “out-of-place”. This study uses Illinois traffic stop data from 2016 to 2018 for municipal agencies with a minority representation of less than one (i.e., less-diverse police department and a greater chance that the officer involved in the stop is White) and includes one measure from the 2016 Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics. Utilizing propensity score matching to match the drivers based on race/ethnicity and gender, the current findings show that non-White drivers and non-White male drivers, who are stopped by police serving predominately White areas and who serve in a less-diverse police department, are more likely to have an officer request consent to search their vehicle. These findings are consistent with racial profiling and support the social conditioning model and illusory correlation as an appropriate theoretical explanation for police officers. Moreover, the officer's decision-making could be based on an individual driver stopped by an officer serving a predominately White community and interacting with a less-diverse police department. The officer may view the minority driver as being “out-of-place”, which is an additional reason for the officer to request consent to search the minority driver's vehicle.

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Two Nations: Black and White, Separate, Hostile, Unequal.

Cited by 18 publications

References 0 publications

True colors of global economy: In the shadows of racialized capitalism

True colors of global economy: In the shadows of racialized capitalism

The invention of race and the persistence of racial hierarchy: White privilege, White supremacy, and White colorblindness

Understanding vehicle consent search requests through the use of the social conditioning model and illusory correlation

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