“…Previous studies have yielded variable findings concerning the phenotype, cytokine secretion, and functions of HBCs ( Johnson and Chakraborty, 2012 ; Young et al, 2015 ; Pavlov et al, 2020 ; Loegl et al, 2016 ; Schliefsteiner et al, 2017 ; Swieboda et al, 2020 ), probably due to the failure to account for PAMM contamination, which we show is present in placental digests. Here, using our gating strategy for the isolation of placental myeloid cell populations, we find that steady-state HBCs secrete a range of factors that play a role in vascularization and the remodeling of blood vessels, such as VEGF-A, OPN, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 ( Johnson et al, 2003 ; Dai et al, 2009 ; Poggio et al, 2011 ; Luizon et al, 2014 ; Plaks et al, 2013 ).…”