Two-phase liquid-immersion data center cooling system: Experimental performance and thermoeconomic analysis

Kanbur, Barış Burak; Wu, Chenlong; Fan, Simiao; Tong, Wei; Duan, Fei

doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2020.05.026

Cited by 57 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…There is limited evidence that wettability affects the boiling curve, and sub-structural researchers have conducted further studies. Thermo-economic and exergy analyses show that the immersion cooling data center can improve performance, including the coefficient of performance (COP), power usage efficiency (PUE), exergy efficiency, and system cost compared to conventional data center cooling with a room-size experimental setup using HFE-7100 by identifying the energy consumption of each component [30].…”

Section: Surface Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in Two-Phase Immersion Cooling with Surface Modifications for Thermal Management

et al. 2022

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This paper reviews the major researchers of liquid, immersion, and two-phase cooling. Currently, liquids are used instead of air to cool the growing data centers. Immersion cooling shows a higher heat transfer coefficient than conventional cooling (<37 W/cm2). Because the use of liquids with high global warming potentials is prohibited, the number of liquids that can be used is limited. This paper discusses the existing, relevant literature from researchers who have studied the issue at least thrice. The authors were divided into those who focused on the surface and those who formed a structure on the surface. In summary, the authors suggested the following research directions: The experimental conditions of porous foam are not diverse, and there is a concern about the separation of foam and coating into the tub. The experimental conditions of the immersion tub should also be varied according to the heat and pressure over time. Structure-level research shows higher performance than surface-level research, but an economic feasibility study is required.

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Section: Surface Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in Two-Phase Immersion Cooling with Surface Modifications for Thermal Management

et al. 2022

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“…5. Kanbur et al [8] studied the cooling system of twophase liquid-immersion data center by experimental and thermal economic analysis. They found that when the IT load was at the maximum or minimum value, the PUE reached the highest value of 1.15 and 1.4, respectively.…”

Section: Pue Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure 6 shows the exergy efficiency of the cooling system under experimental conditions, ranging from 12.65% to 18.96%, with an average of 14.84%. Kanbur et al [8] also analyzed the exergy efficiency of the liquid cooling system. The lowest exergy efficiency in there study is about 7% lower than that of our study.…”

Section: Exergy Snalysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Study on Two-Phase Liquid-Immersion Cooling System for Data Center

LIU,

2021

Preprint

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“…Cheng et al [31] have simulated and studied the effect of 3M novec HFE 7100 liquid on the heat dissipation of an Intel CPU i9-9900 K. Zhou et al [32] have studied the effect of a two-phase liquid cooling uniform heating plate (HFE 7100 liquid) on CPU heat dissipation. Applications of two-phase immersion cooling have been performed at micro-scale level [33], or within a very small server power rate range through experiments [34] and combined energy solution systems [35,36]; however, there has been no system-scale academic study assessing thermal management with respect to environmental and economic aspects in detail, to the best of our knowledge [37][38][39][40].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Investigations on Heat Transfer Characteristics of Direct Contact Liquid Cooling for CPU

Liu

2022

Buildings

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Cooling systems can effectively enable information and communication technology (ICT) equipment to utilize power more efficiently in data centers (DCs). Two-phase cooling provides a potential method to cool CPUs and other electronics and involves submerging them in a thermal conductive dielectric liquid or coolant. In this study, an innovative cooling structure and a two-phase immersion cooling system procedure are presented. The CPU is directly submerged in an engineered fluid, and an experimental test is conducted to obtain the boiling heat transfer and energy consumption data. A prediction equation for saturated boiling HTC in the pool, based on the influence of the characteristics of the heat transfer surface of the CPU and the physical parameters, is proposed. The average partial power usage effectiveness (pPUE) value of the proposed system is 1.036, indicating a significantly improved energy conservation effect compared to conventional air cooling systems. Studies have shown that direct-touch heat dissipation is suitable for supercomputer server CPU heat dissipation with low heat flux density, while for high-density CPU heat dissipation, it is easy to reach the maximum temperature limit of the CPU, thereby reducing the CPU frequency.

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Two-phase liquid-immersion data center cooling system: Experimental performance and thermoeconomic analysis

Cited by 57 publications

References 26 publications

Recent Advances in Two-Phase Immersion Cooling with Surface Modifications for Thermal Management

Recent Advances in Two-Phase Immersion Cooling with Surface Modifications for Thermal Management

Experimental Study on Two-Phase Liquid-Immersion Cooling System for Data Center

Experimental Investigations on Heat Transfer Characteristics of Direct Contact Liquid Cooling for CPU

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