Two-stage continuous production process for fatty acid methyl ester from high FFA crude palm oil using rotor-stator hydrocavitation

Oo, Ye Min; Prateepchaikul, Gumpon; Somnuk, Krit

doi:10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105529

Cited by 18 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…(2011) [34] , and Oo et al . (2021), who mentioned that hydrodynamic cavitation is an alternative to acoustic cavitation, as it is suitable for industrial mass production [33] . Furthermore, the rotor-stator type of reactor is particularly well suited for industrial applications owing to the extensive utilization of the cavitation zone, low cost of equipment, and ease of scaling [35] .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The rotating part of the 3D-printed rotor was fabricated with polylactic acid using a high-performance 3D printer (model: Creator3, Flashforge, Zhejiang, China). The printing cost of this 3D-printed rotor is quite low, at approximately 2 USD, and thus, this processing technique has the potential to be both cost-effective and time-efficient [33] . In a previous study, long-lasting stainless steel rotors with many holes on their surfaces, manufactured using a computer numerical control machine, were recommended for the practical industrial process of biodiesel production.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The results showed that the rotor-stator HCR saved 13.3% more energy and provided better yields than the ultrasonic reactor. Therefore, utilizing a rotor-stator HCR can efficiently reduce the energy demand [33] . Furthermore, there are many other benefits of using rotor-stator formulation reactors, such as economical effectiveness, the provision of large cavitation areas, and good scalability, which are very useful for industrial purposes [34] , [35] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Continuous production of nanoemulsion for skincare product using a 3D-printed rotor-stator hydrodynamic cavitation reactor

Matman

Amnuaikit

et al. 2022

Ultrasonics Sonochemistry

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Highlights Key part is utilizing the 3D-printed rotor in hydrodynamic cavitation reactor. Continuous nanoemulsion formulation was studied using HCR. Smallest droplet size of 366.4 nm can be created by HCR. Mechanical stirrer, ultrasound, hydrodynamic cavitation were compared. Nanoemulsion from HCR reactor gave the highest cumulative release of niacin.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Continuous production of nanoemulsion for skincare product using a 3D-printed rotor-stator hydrodynamic cavitation reactor

Matman

Amnuaikit

et al. 2022

Ultrasonics Sonochemistry

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“…These optimized conditions have the potential to reduce the FFA concentration in LGPO from 20% to less than 3% under optimal conditions. 9 Mohod et al 17 also reported that biodiesel could be synthesized from karanja oil using acoustic cavitation. The acid value of 14.15 mgKOH/g of karanja oil was reduced to less than 2.7 mgKOH/g at the optimal condition of 5:1 methanol to oil ratio and 2% H 2 SO 4 concentration at ambient temperature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Second-generation feedstock biofuel is a nonedible substance derived from waste and byproducts of the palm oil refining plant. These raw materials can be used effectively to produce biodiesel because they can supply a greater amount of biofuel sustainably and at a cheaper cost than crude palm oil, which is the main raw material used to produce biodiesel in Thailand and Asian countries. , According to a global report on the estimated amount of crude palm oil (CPO) production, worldwide CPO production in 2021 was approximately 75.45 million tons. It is difficult to find an official production rate of PFAD.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Continuous Double-Step Esterification Production of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate Methyl Ester Using Ultrasonic Tubular Reactor

Prasit

Thawornprasert

et al. 2022

ACS Omega

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Double-step esterification to produce biodiesel from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) was performed by utilizing an ultrasound clamp reactor. Six pairs of ultrasonic clamps were attached to the left and right sides of the stainless-steel tube, and each pair was separated 100 mm apart from each other. Therefore, a total of 12 units of ultrasound clamps distributed 4800 W maximum power (12 × 400 W) throughout the continuous reactor by an ultrasonic generator. To optimize each step of the continuous esterification process for producing methyl ester from PFAD, a response surface methodology was used. The final 93.32 wt % methyl ester purity was attained under a double-step esterification process. For the first step, a 3.75:1 molar ratio of methanol to PFAD (46.4 vol % methanol), 6.6 vol % sulfuric acid, and 400 mm length of ultrasound clamp at 25 L/h PFAD flow rate for converting the PFAD to 60.24 wt % methyl ester were recommended. For the second step, the esterification was repeated under a molar ratio of methanol to the first esterified oil of 2.87:1 (61.6 vol % methanol), 5.6 vol % of sulfuric acid, and 400 mm length of ultrasound clamp at 25 L/h esterified oil flow rate. The ultrasonic clamp reactor achieved high yields of esterified oil and the crude biodiesel in a relatively short residence period of 32 s. To determine the product yields of a double-step esterification process, the maximum yields were 103.9 wt % first esterified oil, 107.6% crude biodiesel, and 98 wt % purified biodiesel when calculated on the basis of 100 vol % initial PFAD. The average energy consumed in the production of double-step esterification biodiesel was 0.05796 kWh/L. Therefore, this current approach has a high potential for producing biodiesel with less energy and requires less time to convert the PFAD to a high purity of methyl ester.

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Unleashing the Power of Plasma and Flow: A Novel Cold Plasma‐Oscillatory System for Enhanced Continuous Biodiesel Production from Sunflower Oil

Taki,

Hosseinzadeh Samani,

Anasari Ardali

2024

Energy Tech

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While fossil fuel resources are limited, the increasing demand for energy in the industrial and transportation sectors has led to using renewable fuels. This study aims to improve biodiesel production from sunflower oil by combining cold plasma and oscillatory systems through a transesterification process. The four main operational variables are examined, such as molar ratio (MR) (1:6–1:12), catalyst concentration (CC) (0.5–1.25 wt%), plasma exposure time (PET) (25–75 s), and residence time (RT) (30–90 s). The smooth periodic constriction reactor's physical attributes, including the diameter of the tube (D), the diameter of the constricted region (d0), and the distance between baffles (l), as well as the properties of the cold plasma system, are determined. The data analysis presents that PET, RT, CC, and MR have the greatest effect on efficiency. This optimization indicates that by exposing the reaction mixture to plasma for 59.99 s, adding 1.09% by weight of the catalyst, and with a MR of 7.17 in 86.43 s, biodiesel with a conversion percentage of 94.75% is produced. The results show that the optimum point matches with EN 14214 standard.

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Two-stage continuous production process for fatty acid methyl ester from high FFA crude palm oil using rotor-stator hydrocavitation

Cited by 18 publications

References 41 publications

Continuous production of nanoemulsion for skincare product using a 3D-printed rotor-stator hydrodynamic cavitation reactor

Continuous production of nanoemulsion for skincare product using a 3D-printed rotor-stator hydrodynamic cavitation reactor

Continuous Double-Step Esterification Production of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate Methyl Ester Using Ultrasonic Tubular Reactor

Unleashing the Power of Plasma and Flow: A Novel Cold Plasma‐Oscillatory System for Enhanced Continuous Biodiesel Production from Sunflower Oil

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