Two-step voltage dual electromembrane extraction: A new approach to simultaneous extraction of acidic and basic drugs

Quantitation of zolpidem in biological fluids by electro-driven microextraction combined with HPLC-UV analysis

“…However, 2-ethylhexanol has the highest viscosity and exhibits a more stable SLM in this experiment in comparison to 1-octanol and 1-heptanol. By the way, the results of 2-ethylhexanol as SLM in EME procedure of basic drugs are comparable with those of nitrophenyl octyl ether (NPOE) (Asadi and Nojavan, 2016[ 2 ]) which is more toxic and expensive than 2-ethylhexanol.…”

“…Furthermore, using low quantities of an organic solvent (µL), EME is environmentally friendly (Gjelstad and Pedersen-Bjergaard, 2011[ 11 ]; Marothu et al, 2013[ 24 ]; Huang et al, 2015[ 17 ]). To date, EME has been used for the extraction of drugs (Huang et al, 2015[ 17 ]; Davarani et al, 2013[ 6 ]; Oliveira et al, 2017[ 31 ]; Nojavan et al, 2012[ 28 ]; Asadi and Nojavan, 2016[ 2 ]), dyes (Nojavan et al, 2013[ 29 ]; Yaripour et al, 2016[ 45 ]), heavy metals (Kubáň et al, 2011[ 20 ]), environmental pollutants (Villar-Navarro et al, 2016[ 41 ]), amino acids, and peptides (Strieglerová et al, 2011[ 38 ]; Balchen et al, 2011[ 3 ]; Nojavan et al, 2016[ 27 ]) from different sample matrices.…”

A review of the application of hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction in bioanalytical methods – A systematic approach with focus on forensic toxicology

“…= not reported; Na2SO4 = sodium sulfate; NaCl = sodium chloride; NDMD = N-desmethyldiazepam; NPD = nitrogen-phosphorus detector; OF = oral fluid; P = plasma; PDHID = pulsed-discharge helium ionization detector-helium ionization detector; PP = polypropylene; ps = pore size; PVDF = polyvinylidene difluoride; T = temperature; THC-COOH = 11-nor-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid; THC = Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol; wt = wall thickness; U = urine; ULC = ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography; UV = ultra-violet 2.5. Three-phase HF-LPME One hundred and forty-two bioanalytical methods were described in 136 publications fit the inclusion criteria (Table 3) [64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71], breast milk [72][73][74], serum [75,76], oral fluid [77,78], hair [79], or liver [80].…”

“…For that Seidi et al impregnated the different fiberswith different solvents that presented optimum extraction for both types of drugs. Other studies compared sequential and simultaneous extraction of acidic and basic substances, and the sequential option presented better performance[74]. Koruni et al[126] also used different fibers and different systems to extract acidic and basic drugs with a wide range of partition coefficients (log P), and for this four systems were used for simultaneous extraction.…”

Quantitative analysis of phenobarbital in biological fluids: Analyte enrichment by an electrically-assisted microextraction technique

“…Use of very low volumes of an organic solvent makes this method environmentally friendly (Gjelstad, Pedersen-Bjergaard, 2011;Marothu, Gorrepati, Vusa, 2013;Gjelstad, Pedersen-Bjergaard, 2013;Yamini, Seidi, Rezazadeh, 2014;Huang et al, 2015). EME-combined analytical methods have been recently used for determining and quantifying drugs, dyes, amino acids, peptides, heavy metals, and environmental pollutants from different sample matrices (Huang et al, 2015;Fotouhi et al, 2015;Yaripour et al, 2018;Asadi, Nojavan, 2016;Zahedi et al, 2016;Eibak et al, 2012;Nojavan et al, 2016;Kubáň et al, 2011;Villar-Navarro et al, 2016). Page 2 / 9 Phenobarbital (Figure 1) is an anticonvulsant drug which is useful in the treatment of partial seizures and generalized tonic-clonic seizures especially when attacks are difficult to control.…”