Although the effects of type II-IFN (IFN-␥) on GVHD and leukemia relapse are well studied, the effects of type I-interferon (type I-IFN, IFN-␣/) remain unclear. We investigated this using type I-IFN receptordeficient mice and exogenous IFN-␣ administration in established models of GVHD and GVL. Type I-IFN signaling in host tissue prevented severe colontargeted GVHD in CD4-dependent models of GVHD directed toward either major histocompatibility antigens or multiple minor histocompatibility antigens. This protection was the result of suppression of donor CD4 ؉ T-cell proliferation and differentiation. Studies in chimeric recipients demonstrated this was due to type I-IFN signaling in hematopoietic tissue. Consistent with this finding, administration of IFN-␣ during conditioning inhibited donor CD4 ؉ proliferation and differentiation. In contrast, CD8-dependent GVHD and GVL effects were enhanced when type I-IFN signaling was intact in the host or donor, respectively. This finding reflected the ability of type I-IFN to both sensitize host target tissue/leukemia to cell-mediated cytotoxicity and augment donor CTL function. These data confirm that type I-IFN plays an important role in defining the balance of GVHD and GVL responses and suggests that administration of the cytokine after BM transplantation could be studied prospectively in patients at high risk of relapse. (Blood. 2011;118(12):3399-3409)
IntroductionAlthough allogeneic BM transplantation is curative therapy for a majority of hematologic malignancies, its application has been limited by the development of GVHD. GVHD is the result of immunologic damage to the host tissue by alloreactive T cells from the incoming donor graft. Unfortunately, the development of detrimental GVHD is closely intertwined with therapeutic GVL responses. GVL responses are important for eradication of residual host malignancy and are primarily mediated by alloreactive donor T and natural killer (NK) cells. Therapeutic approaches to separate these phenomena are urgently needed.The IFNs were first discovered as a result of their capacity to confer cell resistance to viral infection. 1 There are 2 distinct IFN types, type I and type II, and although both groups induce antiviral defense mechanisms in cells, primarily by limiting replication, they exhibit distinct immunologic properties. After allograft rejection, it is well established that the type II-IFN, IFN-␥, is a dominant Th1 cytokine, exerting pleotropic effects on both hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells. Importantly, IFN-␥ has differential effects on both donor and host tissue, with a protective role dominating within GVHD of the lung and pathogenic effects dominating in the gastrointestinal tract. [2][3][4] In addition, the cellular subsets producing IFN␥ and the timing of production may also impact the effect of the cytokine after BM transplantation. 5 In contrast, the role of type I-IFN after BM transplantation remains largely unknown.All type I-IFNs act through the same receptor, which is composed of 2 subunits, IFNAR...