Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and its Complications: From the Molecular Biology to the Clinical Practice

Małecki, Maciej

doi:10.1900/rds.2004.1.5

Cited by 16 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…T2D is associated with an increased risk of cognitive dysfunction and dementia, affecting the brain by mechanisms that include: (1) metabolic and vascular risk factors within the metabolic syndrome such as dyslipidaemia, hypercholestrolemia and hypertension, which were found to be associated with cerebrovascular disease, accelerated cognitive decline and dementia; (2) hyperglycaemia that has adverse effects on the brain and its vasculature; (3) insulin that can directly modulate energy metabolism, synaptic plasticity and learning and memory, as well as regulate the metabolism of the β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) and Tau protein, the building blocks of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles [28,32,33].…”

Section: Cognitive Impairment In Diabetes and Admentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, diabetes is nowadays a leading cause of death accounting for 8.4% of global mortality in people aged between 20 and 79 years [2]. The main contributor for the high prevalence of diabetes is the rise of obesity, related to the combination of ample food availability and a sedentary lifestyle, contrasting to less abundant food supplies and higher physical activity observed until a century ago.Diabetes is associated with the occurrence of well described microvascular complications that affect different organs, leading most commonly to retinopathy, nephropathy and peripheral neuropathy, which development is dependent on the duration of the disease and glycaemia control [3]. When the control of the disorder allowed patients to live longer and without these Volume 6, Number 5; 304-321, October 2015…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Diabetes is associated with the occurrence of well described microvascular complications that affect different organs, leading most commonly to retinopathy, nephropathy and peripheral neuropathy, which development is dependent on the duration of the disease and glycaemia control [3]. When the control of the disorder allowed patients to live longer and without these Volume 6, Number 5; 304-321, October 2015…”

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Metabolic Alterations Associated to Brain Dysfunction in Diabetes

Duarte¹

2014

aging dis

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From epidemiological studies it is known that diabetes patients display increased risk of developing dementia. Moreover, cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are also accompanied by impaired glucose homeostasis and insulin signalling. Although there is plenty of evidence for a connection between insulin-resistant diabetes and AD, definitive linking mechanisms remain elusive. Cerebrovascular complications of diabetes, alterations in glucose homeostasis and insulin signalling, as well as recurrent hypoglycaemia are the factors that most likely affect brain function and structure. While difficult to study in patients, the mechanisms by which diabetes leads to brain dysfunction have been investigated in experimental models that display phenotypes of the disease. The present article reviews the impact of diabetes and AD on brain structure and function, and discusses recent findings from translational studies in animal models that link insulin resistance to metabolic alterations that underlie brain dysfunction. Such modifications of brain metabolism are likely to occur at early stages of neurodegeneration and impact regional neurochemical profiles and constitute non-invasive biomarkers detectable by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS).Key words: Neurodegeneration, Diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, Insulin, Metabolism Diabetes mellitus can be defined as a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycaemia, resulting from inappropriate insulin secretion and/or action [1]. The vast majority of the diabetes cases are included in two main categories, classified according to the underlying cause, which are type 1 diabetes (T1D) or insulindependent diabetes, generally caused by an autoimmune reaction to antigens of pancreatic β-cells, leading to impaired insulin production, and type 2 diabetes (T2D) or insulin-resistant diabetes, characterised by inefficiency of insulin action. While T1D is mainly observed in children and adolescents, T2D is more common among adults, accounting for more than 90% of the diabetes cases worldwide. The prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance achieved now epidemic proportions, respectively at 6.9% and 8.3% of the world population, and predicted to raise to 8. 0% and 10.1% in 2035 [2]. Moreover, diabetes is nowadays a leading cause of death accounting for 8.4% of global mortality in people aged between 20 and 79 years [2]. The main contributor for the high prevalence of diabetes is the rise of obesity, related to the combination of ample food availability and a sedentary lifestyle, contrasting to less abundant food supplies and higher physical activity observed until a century ago.Diabetes is associated with the occurrence of well described microvascular complications that affect different organs, leading most commonly to retinopathy, nephropathy and peripheral neuropathy, which development is dependent on the duration of the disease and glycaemia control [3]. When the control of the disorder allowed patients to live longer and without these Volume 6, N...

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Section: Cognitive Impairment In Diabetes and Admentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metabolic Alterations Associated to Brain Dysfunction in Diabetes

Duarte¹

2014

aging dis

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“…Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia and caused by insufficient insulin secretion and/or defective insulin action [5]. In developed countries, the prevalence of diabetes has reached 3-7%, and it has become the fifth leading cause of death worldwide, next only to cancer, acquired immune deficiency syndrome, and cardiovascular disease [6][7][8][9][10]. A previous report shows that the number of diabetic patients worldwide reached 382 million in 2014; this number is expected to reach 592 million by 2035 [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diabetes and its Potential Impact on Head and Neck Oncogenesis

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2020

J. Cancer

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In recent years, the incidence of diabetes mellitus and cancer has increased sharply; indeed, these have become the two most important diseases threatening health and survival. Head and neck (HN) tumors are the sixth most common malignancies in humans. Numerous studies have shown that there are many common risk factors for diabetes mellitus and HN squamous cell carcinoma, including advanced age, poor diet and lifestyle, and environmental factors. However, the mechanism linking the two diseases has not been identified. A number of studies have shown that diabetes affects the development, metastasis, and prognosis of HN cancer, potentially through the associated hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance, or chronic inflammation. More recent studies show that metformin, the first-line drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, can significantly reduce the risk of HN tumor development and reduce mortality in diabetic patients. Here, we review recent progress in the study of the relationship between diabetes mellitus and HN carcinogenesis, and its potential mechanisms, in order to provide a scientific basis for the early diagnosis and effective treatment of these diseases.

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“…The disease implies gradual effects in terms of the increase of the level of blood glucose, damage to the insulin producing beta cell islands of the pancreas, decrease of the blood supply of limbs, damage to blood vessel, heart, the neurons with long axons reaching the limbs, the retina and other damaging effects in other organs (Malecki, 2004). There is a rapidly upward trend in the incidence of this diseases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%