Types and development of stream terraces in the Marche Apennines (central Italy): a review and remarks on recent appraisals

Geomorphological and Anthropic Control of the Development of Some Adriatic Historical Towns (Italy) Since the Roman Age

“…It is, however, more easily attributable to a much larger river that spread over the alluvial plain when the shoreline was very backwards. Such a condition occurred about 11,000 years ago when the Adriatic Sea was considerably more backwards than it is now (Nesci et al 2012). The subsequent rise of the sea changed the dynamics of the rivers considerably up to Roman times, with the shoreline being more backwards than it is today, corresponding to the scarp that runs parallel to the present shore line, roughly where the railway line is now set.…”

“…The plain underwent a rather complex suite of both local and generalized advancement and retreat episodes starting in the mid-Pleistocene. Nevertheless, the plain formed for the most part after the Holocene maximum flooding, with the very latest modifications largely dismantling and/or concealing the previous ones (Nesci et al 2012). The complex evolution of the plain is stressed by series of small scarps, flexures and gravel ridges.…”

“…In the Marecchia, Foglia and Misa plains, the scarps are smoothed and partly concealed by urbanization, while they are sharp and well developed close to the Metauro and Cesano outlets. According to Nesci et al (2012), these scarps were carved out by the wave erosion of alluvial fans that originally extended for more than 5 km off the modern shoreline ( Fig. 1), which formed in the uppermost Pleistoceneearly Holocene in conditions of still rather low sea levels.…”

Pliocene –Pleistocene geomorphological evolution of the Adriatic side of Central Italy

“…tectonic basins) correspond to elongated depressions; the Peri-Adriatic monocline, incised by the main river valleys, corresponds to typical triangular hilly reliefs with the top facing west. On a larger scale such conformity is complicated by the aforementioned transversal "ridges" (which give rise to cliffs along the coast) and by scarps and benches along the valley floors created by the emplacement of four main orders of fluvial terraces (Middle Pleistocene-Holocene) (Coltorti et al 1991;Gentili & Pambianchi 1987;Nesci et al 2012).…”

“…The associated tectonic elements with prevalent extensional kinematics (mainly NW-SE and WSW-ENE oriented) created tectonic basins, slope deformations and hydrographic network setup. The coeval and marked climatic oscillations and the alternation of fluvial and marine erosion /sedimentation phases, induced several processes (Calamita et al 1982;Gentili & Pambianchi 1987;Coltorti et al 1991;Nesci & Savelli 1991;Calamita et al 1994;Coltorti & Farabollini1995;Coltorti et al 1996;Fanucci et al 1996;Cello et al 1997;Calamita et al 1999;Nesci et al 2002;Aringoli et al 2007Aringoli et al , 2008Aringoli et al , 2010Materazzi et al 2010;Nesci et al 2012;Aringoli et al 2014):…”