Tyzzer's Disease

Navarro

et al. 2018

Anaerobe

Several enteric clostridial diseases can affect humans and animals. Of these, the enteric infections caused by Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium difficile are amongst the most prevalent and they are reviewed here. C. perfringens type A strains encoding alpha toxin (CPA) are frequently associated with enteric disease of many animal mammalian species, but their role in these diseased mammals remains to be clarified. C. perfringens type B encoding CPA, beta (CPB) and epsilon (ETX) toxins causes necro-hemorrhagic enteritis, mostly in sheep, and these strains have been recently suggested to be involved in multiple sclerosis in humans, although evidence of this involvement is lacking. C. perfringens type C strains encode CPA and CPB and cause necrotizing enteritis in humans and animals, while CPA and ETX producing type D strains of C. perfringens produce enterotoxemia in sheep, goats and cattle, but are not known to cause spontaneous disease in humans. The role of C. perfringens type E in animal or human disease remains poorly defined. The newly revised toxinotype F encodes CPA and enterotoxin (CPE), the latter being responsible for food poisoning in humans, and the less prevalent antibiotic associated and sporadic diarrhea. The role of these strains in animal disease has not been fully described and remains controversial. Another newly created toxinotype, G, encodes CPA and necrotic enteritis toxin B-like (NetB), and is responsible for avian necrotic enteritis, but has not been associated with human disease. C. difficile produces colitis and/or enterocolitis in humans and multiple animal species. The main virulence factors of this microorganism are toxins A, B and an ADP-ribosyltransferase (CDT). Other clostridia causing enteric diseases in humans and/or animals are Clostridium spiroforme, Clostridium piliforme, Clostridium colinum, Clostridium sordellii, Clostridium chauvoei, Clostridium septicum, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium butyricum and Clostridium neonatale. The zoonotic transmission of some, but not all these clostridsial species, has been demonstrated.

Section: Other Clostridia Causing Enteric Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative pathogenesis of enteric clostridial infections in humans and animals

Navarro

et al. 2018

Anaerobe

“…Infection by Clostridium piliforme , formerly known as Bacillus piliformis , is recognised in a wide range of mammalian species, although it is principally renowned as the cause of Tyzzer’s disease in foals and rabbits (Fresneda and Carvallo Chaigneau 2016), where a typical triad of lesions including colitis, hepatitis and myocarditis is recognised. It is also a rare cause of disease in calves (Webb and others 1987, Ikegami and others 1999) and sheep (Scholes and Edwards 2009).…”

Section: Disease Manifestations: Other Alimentary Tract Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clostridial diseases in farm animals: 1. Enterotoxaemias and other alimentary tract infections

Otter¹,

2020

In Practice

Background:Clostridium species produce toxins that go on to produce a range of diseases in farm animals. Most of the animal diseases caused by clostridia are economically significant and there are vaccines available to protect animals against those that are most prevalent.Aim of the article: This article, the first in a two-part series on clostridial diseases in farm animals, reviews clostridial enterotoxaemias caused by Clostridium perfringens, and other alimentary tract infections. The second part, which will be published in a subsequent issue of In Practice, will discuss the range of histotoxic and neurotoxic clostridial diseases that are recognised in farm animals.

“…3,13,33,35,39,40,46,58,63,74,83,84 The majority of cases have been documented in horses, particularly foals, and laboratory rabbits, mice, rats, and guinea pigs. 12,22,24,30…”

Section: Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The bacterium then reaches the portal circulation and disseminates to the liver, myocardium, and other organs. 8,24,40…”

Section: Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Pathobiology and diagnosis of clostridial hepatitis in animals

Navarro

2019

J VET Diagn Invest

Clostridia can cause hepatic damage in domestic livestock, and wild and laboratory animals. Clostridium novyi type B causes infectious necrotic hepatitis (INH) in sheep and less frequently in other species. Spores of C. novyi type B can be present in soil; after ingestion, they reach the liver via portal circulation where they persist in phagocytic cells. Following liver damage, frequently caused by migrating parasites, local anaerobic conditions allow germination of the clostridial spores and production of toxins. C. novyi type B alpha toxin causes necrotizing hepatitis and extensive edema, congestion, and hemorrhage in multiple organs. Clostridium haemolyticum causes bacillary hemoglobinuria (BH) in cattle, sheep, and rarely, horses. Beta toxin is the main virulence factor of C. haemolyticum, causing hepatic necrosis and hemolysis. Clostridium piliforme, the causal agent of Tyzzer disease (TD), is the only gram-negative and obligate intracellular pathogenic clostridia. TD occurs in multiple species, but it is more frequent in foals, lagomorphs, and laboratory animals. The mode of transmission is fecal–oral, with ingestion of spores from a fecal-contaminated environment. In affected animals, C. piliforme proliferates in the intestinal mucosa, resulting in necrosis, and then disseminates to the liver and other organs. Virulence factors for this microorganism have not been identified, to date. Given the peracute or acute nature of clostridial hepatitis in animals, treatment is rarely effective. However, INH and BH can be prevented, and should be controlled by vaccination and control of liver flukes. To date, no vaccine is available to prevent TD.