U.S. Perspective on mycotoxin regulatory issues

Park, Douglas L.; Troxell, Terry C.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0629-4_29

Cited by 54 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…FB 1 is a potent carcinogen, and ingestion of fumonisin-contaminated corn has been linked to a variety of illnesses, including leukoencephalomalasia and neural tube defects in animals (Gelderblom et al, 1988;Marasas, 2001;Minorsky, 2002;Missmer et al, 2006). Due to these serious concerns, the US Food and Drug Administration has established guidelines for the fumonisin level in feed and foodstuff (Park & Troxell, 2002). Significant progress has been made in elucidating the fumonisin biosynthetic pathway, and regulatory mechanisms associated with the toxin production.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional characterization of Fusarium verticillioides CPP1, a gene encoding a putative protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit

Choi

Shim

2008

Microbiology

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Fusarium verticillioides produces the mycotoxin fumonisin B 1 (FB 1 ) on maize kernels. In this study, we identified a putative protein phosphatase gene CPP1 in F. verticillioides, and investigated its role in FB 1 regulation. Previous work has shown that CPP1 expression is elevated in an FB 1 -suppressing genetic background. Thus, we hypothesized that CPP1 is negatively associated with FB 1 production. To test this hypothesis, we generated a CPP1 knockout mutant, PP179, and studied the effects of gene deletion on FB 1 biosynthesis and fungal development. PP179 showed elevated expression of FUM genes, and in turn produced higher levels of FB 1 than the wild-type progenitor. Other significant mutant phenotypes included reduced radial growth on agar plates, reduced conidia germination rates, significantly increased macroconidia formation, and hyphal swelling. To verify that these phenotypes were directly due to CPP1 deletion, we complemented PP179 with the wild-type CPP1 gene. The complemented strain PPC4 showed FUM1 expression and FB 1 production similar to that of the wild-type, providing evidence that CPP1 is negatively associated with FB 1 biosynthesis. Other PP179 phenotypes, such as macroconidiation and hyphal swelling, were also restored to that of wild-type progenitor. Furthermore, we complemented F. verticillioides PP179 strain with Neurospora crassa wild-type ppe-1 gene, demonstrating that Cpp1 and PPE-1 proteins are functionally conserved. Pleiotropic effects of CPP1 deletion led us to hypothesize that CPP1 is associated with multiple downstream signalling pathways in F. verticillioides. Identification and functional characterization of downstream Cpp1-interacting proteins are necessary to better understand the complex regulatory mechanisms associated with Cpp1.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional characterization of Fusarium verticillioides CPP1, a gene encoding a putative protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit

Choi

Shim

2008

Microbiology

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Section: Evaluation Of Toxicity Of Biotransforming Productmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…Some alternative approaches for using large animals in toxicity testing have been devised recently. For example, explants of specific and more sensitive tissues were developed by the Oswald group using pig jejunal explants to investigate the toxicity of deepoxy-DON and 3-epi-DON [139,140].…”

Section: Evaluation Of Toxicity Of Biotransforming Productmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, the reduction in DON toxicity due to C3 carbon epimerization was attributed to attenuated binding of 3-epi-DON within the ribosomal peptidyl transferase center [139,140], in addition to increased polarity of 3-epi-DON and decreased molecular interactions with different cellular targets, such as Fusarium graminearum Tri101 acetyltransferase [145]. Similar results were also obtained for deepoxy-DON when transformed anaerobically by strain BBSH 797 [139,140]. This mechanistic information is pivotal for predicting how the final biotransformation product(s) will behave under different scenarios and usage conditions, such as under unfavorable pH conditions, or in the presence of metabolizing bacteria in the animal intestinal tract.…”

Section: Evaluation Of Toxicity Of Biotransforming Productmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The introduction of state-of-the-art research tools, such as next-generation sequencing, recombinant-enzyme overexpression and robust HPLC-MS/MS systems, combined with our enhanced understanding of the actual mechanisms underlying the diminished toxicity of final biotransformation products [140,146,172], will immensely aid in the identification [12], optimization and usage [170,171] of such naturally-derived alternatives. It is anticipated that these novel approaches will form the basis for sustainable long-term solutions to the ever-growing problem of mycotoxins in the coming years.…”

Section: Conclusion and Research Trendsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Promising Detoxification Strategies to Mitigate Mycotoxins in Food and Feed

2018

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Toxicology of Mycotoxins

Wang,

Xue,

Tang

2023

Patty's Toxicology

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Mycotoxins are naturally occurring toxic fungal metabolites, which are structurally diverse and commonly present in animal feed and human food ingredients. This chapter briefly reviewed the toxicology of naturally occurring mycotoxins with more details on some highly studied mycotoxins, such as aflatoxins, fumonisins, ochratoxins, and deoxynivalenol, because they are of concern to toxicologists in both experimental and regulatory settings. Aflatoxin B 1 is a human carcinogen and its presence constitutes a major economic and health problem worldwide; however, fumonisin B 1 and ochratoxin A are animal carcinogens, and their roles in human cancers are to be studied. Trichothecene toxins, especially deoxynivalenol, are predominant contaminants in grains and their immune toxic effects are well documented. The toxicological impact from these mycotoxins ranges from acute toxicity to immune suppression to cancer in experimental models; however, very few studies to date have examined the potential increased toxicological interactions from combinative exposure with multiple mycotoxins exposure. Future toxicological research should focus on studying adverse effects caused by exposure to complex mycotoxin mixtures and their interactions to impact human health outcomes.

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U.S. Perspective on mycotoxin regulatory issues

Cited by 54 publications

References 2 publications

Functional characterization of Fusarium verticillioides CPP1, a gene encoding a putative protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit

Functional characterization of Fusarium verticillioides CPP1, a gene encoding a putative protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit

Promising Detoxification Strategies to Mitigate Mycotoxins in Food and Feed

Toxicology of Mycotoxins

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