UAE-SPE-UHPLC-UV Method for the Determination of Flame Retardants in Fish Tissues

Abstract

Analytical method for the determination of four flame retardants (FRs) from two groups was proposed. These groups included the brominated flame retardants (BFRs) 3,3′,5,5′-tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD); triester organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP). Reversed-phase Ultra HPLC with a UV detector, Hypersil GOLD chromatographic column and two-eluent gradient elution programme was used to obtain the best separations within the shortest possible time. UAE extraction with acetone, ethyl acetate and acetone/ethyl acetate (1:1, v/v) solvents was proposed. For the removal of fats, addition of sulphuric acid (VI) was conducted as well as solid-phase extraction (SPE) for the final clean-up of the extracts was used. The best recoveries were achieved with acetone/ethyl acetate (1:1, v/v) mixture of solvents and Bond Elut ENV column for SPE step gave the highest overall recoveries. Method detection limits (MDL) ranged from 0.05 to 0.39 μg g −1 and method quantification limits (MQL) ranged from 0.15 to 1.16 μg g −1 for all compounds.

Enzymatic assays for the assessment of toxic effects of halogenated organic contaminants in water and food. A review

“…Despite being prohibited, brominated organic compounds are found in environmental samples and all along the trophic chain suggesting their bioaccumulation is a real problem and a risk for humans (Vandermeersch et al, 2015). BFRs have penetrated the environment as a result of release during their use or when they burnt (Kowalski and Płaszczyk, 2017;Zhihua et al, 2018) and. studies on the effects of BFRs in animals described toxic adverse effects (Kim et al, 2014).…”

A stable Cd-MOF as a dual-responsive luminescent biosensor for the determination of urinary diphenyl phosphate and hippuric acid as biomarkers for human triphenyl phosphate and toluene poisoning

“…1,2 For example, triphenyl phosphate, as an important flameretardant additive, is increasingly used in furniture, building components, electronic equipment, automobiles and other manufacturing fields to meet fire safety standards. 3,4 However, because additive triphenyl phosphate is not chemically bonded with the materials, it is easily released into the surrounding environment over time, resulting in widespread human exposure to triphenyl phosphate. 5,6 Long-term exposure to triphenyl phosphate can cause severe harm to human health owing to its neurotoxicity and immunotoxicity.…”