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The increase of functional food production makes the search for new non-traditional raw materials and the selection of methods for their processing relevant. Methods for obtaining biologically active substances of a lipid nature from valuable raw materials extracted from hunting animals (bear, badger, marmot and beaver) are of particular interest. The purpose of this review is to analyze the existing methods of obtaining rendered fat from raw fat and evaluate them. The objects of analysis were the data of scientific articles, patents and studies on the extraction of the lipid fraction from raw materials of animal origin from 2017 to 2021. In the work, various methods for extracting fats were considered. Their systematization, analyze, and description were carried out, indicating the advantages and disadvantages. The considered methods for extracting lipid components can be used in the process of rendering fat from non-traditional raw materials of animal origin. When using the dry rendering method, the heating of adipose tissue is carried out by the conductive method, which leads to oxidative processes and a decrease in the quality of the finished product. The wet rendering method is carried out by interacting raw fat with a heating agent – water or live steam, which, by varying the temperature and duration of exposure, allows to preserve the properties and quality of the product. Wet rendering methods are the most effective. These methods allow to obtain a high-quality finished product, as well as to produce the maximum yield of valuable lipid components of raw materials. To accelerate the technological process with the wet method of exposure, it is possible to use a biocatalytic method. The results of the research can be used in the development of schemes for obtaining biologically active substances of a lipid nature from valuable expensive raw materials extracted from hunting animals.
The increase of functional food production makes the search for new non-traditional raw materials and the selection of methods for their processing relevant. Methods for obtaining biologically active substances of a lipid nature from valuable raw materials extracted from hunting animals (bear, badger, marmot and beaver) are of particular interest. The purpose of this review is to analyze the existing methods of obtaining rendered fat from raw fat and evaluate them. The objects of analysis were the data of scientific articles, patents and studies on the extraction of the lipid fraction from raw materials of animal origin from 2017 to 2021. In the work, various methods for extracting fats were considered. Their systematization, analyze, and description were carried out, indicating the advantages and disadvantages. The considered methods for extracting lipid components can be used in the process of rendering fat from non-traditional raw materials of animal origin. When using the dry rendering method, the heating of adipose tissue is carried out by the conductive method, which leads to oxidative processes and a decrease in the quality of the finished product. The wet rendering method is carried out by interacting raw fat with a heating agent – water or live steam, which, by varying the temperature and duration of exposure, allows to preserve the properties and quality of the product. Wet rendering methods are the most effective. These methods allow to obtain a high-quality finished product, as well as to produce the maximum yield of valuable lipid components of raw materials. To accelerate the technological process with the wet method of exposure, it is possible to use a biocatalytic method. The results of the research can be used in the development of schemes for obtaining biologically active substances of a lipid nature from valuable expensive raw materials extracted from hunting animals.
The paper presents the data on lipid fraction extraction from the raw fat of hibernating hunting animals. The processing of valuable raw materials must be maximized. For this purpose, various methods of rendering are used. As a result of temperature exposure, the protein part of raw fat undergoes significant changes. The protein denatures under the influence of temperature, and the dross formed during the rendering process absorbs and retains up to 30% of the fat. The authors propose using proteolytic enzyme preparations for a more complete extraction of fats, as the enzymes will hydrolyze the protein into compounds of lower molecular weight both before and during the rendering process. The experiment proved that the biocatalytic method allows achieving a fat yield of more than 95%. The best result can be obtained if the rendering is carried out at optimal parameters, which can be defined using a mathematical model. Mathematical modeling was carried out using an artificial neural network. During the study, a fully connected neural network was designed; it had eight hidden layers with 64 neurons in each, and its accuracy was measured by mean relative error, which amounted to 5.16%. With the help of the network, the optimal values of applied concentration, temperature and duration of rendering, at which a fat yield of more than 98% is achieved, were determined for each enzyme preparation. After that, the obtained values were confirmed experimentally. Thus, the study showed the efficiency of using artificial neural networks for modeling the biocatalytic method of lipid extraction.
Микроволновая Установка С Щелевым Цилиндрическим Резонатором Для Вытопки Жира Из Мясных Отходов
По данным Росстата, в 2022 году в России объем выращенного крупного рогатого скота на мясо составил 1673,5 тыс. тонн. После убоя в сутки на мясокомбинатах РФ накапливается 126,3 тонн вторичного мясного сырья, из которых производят кормовую и техническую продукцию. Но при термообработке желудков жвачных животных используют установки с высокими эксплуатационными затратами. Поэтому существует необходимость переработки указанного сырья в кормовую продукцию с использованием энергии электромагнитных излучений сантиметровых волн. Целью исследований является разработка СВЧ-установки с электроприводным щелевым резонатором в экранирующем корпусе для термообработки сырья в непрерывном режиме с реализацией рекуперации электромагнитной мощности в кольцевом объеме, излучаемой системой первичных источников в резонаторе. Исследуемое сырье – слизистые субпродукты жвачных животных. Внутри корпуса установки, с зазором не более 3,06 см от верхнего его основания, где размещены магнетроны, соосно расположен электроприводной цилиндрический щелевой резонатор без верхнего основания, а соосно с ним − керамическая перфорированная воронка. Средний кольцевой объем кратен половине длины волны. Боковая поверхность резонатора представлена как вертикально расположенные стержни со щелями между ними. Установка представлена как соосно расположенные цилиндрический щелевой и коаксиальный резонаторы. Резонатор обеспечивает: возбуждение электромагнитного поля сверхвысокой частоты (ЭМПСВЧ) и концентрацию энергии в сырье за счет керамической воронки; высокую напряженность электрического поля (до 2 кВ/см); рекуперацию мощности потока излучений через щели резонатора; радиогерметичность за счет запредельного волновода; тонкое измельчение сырья в процессе удара о неферромагнитные стержни резонатора. Термообработка сырья происходит производительностью 40–45 кг/ч, при пропускной способности электроприводного щелевого резонатора с керамической перфорированной воронкой 59 кг/ч и удельных энергетических затратах 0,29 кВт∙ч/кг. Экономический эффект составляет 456 246 руб./месяц.
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