Ultra-thin bentonite lubricating additive intercalated by ionic liquid: Synergistic interactions and unique tribofilm

Tribological Effects of Quaternary Ammonium-Functionalized Montmorillonite as Water-Based Additives

“…The new absorption bands are located at approximately 2920 and 2850 cm –1 , which can be attributed to antisymmetric and symmetric stretching vibrations of C–H in methylene groups, respectively. An additional characteristic band at 1471 cm –1 corresponds to the bending vibration of C–C and C–N. , …”

“…29 For the worn surface after lubrication of water with 0.1% Py16-MMT, O 1s peaks at 532.6, 531.5, and 529.9 eV may be attributed to Si−O, Al−O, and Fe−O characteristic bonding patterns. 19 The existence of Si−O and Al−O bonding is probably from adsorption of the MMT on the wear track, and the presence of Fe−O may be due to the oxidation reaction during friction. The peak of Al 2p at 75.7 eV (Figure 9d) also indicates the presence of Al−O because of the deposition of Py16-MMT.…”

“…An additional characteristic band at 1471 cm −1 corresponds to the bending vibration of C−C and C−N. 18,19 In order to investigate the loading of QAS cations between the MMT layers and their thermal stability information, we performed TG analysis of Na-MMT and QAS-MMT nanoparticles (Figure 3c). For Na-MMT, two stages were presented on the thermogravimetric curve: The first stage was from 25 to 200 °C, which was due to the loss of adsorbed water and free water between MMT layers; the second stage, with mass loss between 600 and 700 °C, was mainly caused by dehydroxylation of aluminosilicate groups existing in the MMT structure.…”

“…18 Among these, the imidazole quaternary ammonium salt and pyridine quaternary ammonium salt have higher thermal stability due to their rigid ring structures, which can effectively increase the thermal decomposition temperature of modified MMT. 19 The combination of a flexible chain and a rigid ring gives the modified MMT greater extreme pressure and shear strength during the friction process, making it an excellent intercalator. However, the use of water-soluble QASmodified intercalated MMT (QAS-MMT) as a water-based drilling fluid additive has been scarcely investigated.…”

“…Because of its positive charge, QAS can be used as an intercalator to organically modify MMT through ion-exchange reactions, so that QAS cation can enter the interlayers of MMT and effectively expand the interlayer space . Among these, the imidazole quaternary ammonium salt and pyridine quaternary ammonium salt have higher thermal stability due to their rigid ring structures, which can effectively increase the thermal decomposition temperature of modified MMT . The combination of a flexible chain and a rigid ring gives the modified MMT greater extreme pressure and shear strength during the friction process, making it an excellent intercalator.…”