Ultra-Wideband Positioning Technology: Exploring TWR, TDoA, and PDoA Methods for Precise Ranging and Positioning

Abstract

Ultra-wideband (UWB) technology, recognized for its broad bandwidth and low-power consumption, delivers precise and reliable solutions for ranging and positioning in diverse environments. This chapter delves into the time of flight (ToF) technique, which measures the travel time of a radio signal between the transmitter and receiver. To improve accuracy despite synchronization issues, different two-way ranging (TWR) methods are discussed. For precise indoor positioning, the chapter examines methods such as the geometric analysis method, time difference of arrival (TDoA), and phase difference of arrival (PDoA). The geometric analysis method uses at least three receivers to determine the position, while TDoA requires synchronized receivers to analyze time differences. PDoA bases positioning on phase differences received by antennas. The discussion includes advanced clock synchronization strategies to enhance TDoA accuracy. These methodologies collectively bolster the effectiveness of UWB positioning systems, making them suitable for applications in industrial automation and emergency response.