Ultrafast Nonlinear Optical and Structure–Property Relationship Studies of Pyridine-Based Anthracene Chalcones Using Z-Scan, Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing, and Computational Approaches

Abstract

The structural, thermal, linear, and femtosecond third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of two pyridine-based anthracene chalcones, (2E)-1-(anthracen-9-yl)-3-(pyridin-2-yl)­prop-2-en-1-one (2PANC) and (2E)-1-(anthracen-9-yl)-3-(pyridin-3-yl)­prop-2-en-1-one (3PANC), were investigated. These two chalcones were synthesized following the Claisen–Schmidt condensation method. Optically transparent single crystals were achieved using a slow evaporation solution growth technique. The presence of functional groups in these molecules was established by Fourier transform infrared and NMR spectroscopic data. The detailed solid-state structure of both chalcones was determined from the single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. Both crystals crystallized in the centrosymmetric triclinic space group P1̅ with the nuance of unit cell parameters. The crystals (labeled as 2PANC and 3PANC) have been found to be transparent optically [in the entire visible spectral region] and were found to be thermally stable up to 169 and 194 °C, respectively. The intermolecular interactions were investigated using the Hirshfeld surface analysis, and the band structures (highest occupied molecular orbital–lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, excited-state energies, global chemical reactivity descriptors, and molecular electrostatic potentials) were studied using density functional theory (DFT) techniques. The ultrafast third-order NLO properties were investigated using (a) Z-scan and (b) degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) techniques using ∼50 fs pulses at 800 nm (1 kHz, ∼4 mJ) from a Ti:sapphire laser amplifier. Two-photon-assisted reverse saturable absorption, self-focusing nonlinear refraction, optical limiting, and optical switching behaviors were witnessed from the Z-scan data. 3PANC demonstrated a stronger two-photon absorption coefficient, while 2PANC depicted a stronger nonlinear refractive index among the two. The time-resolved DFWM data demonstrated that the decay times of 2PANC and 3PANC were ∼162 and ∼180 fs, respectively. The second hyperpolarizability (γ) values determined by DFT, Z-scan, and DFWM were found to be in good correlation (with a magnitude of ∼10–34 esu). The ultrafast third-order NLO response, significant NLO properties, and thermal stability of these chalcones brands them as potential candidates for optical power limiting and switching applications.

Strong light–matter interaction and non-linear effects in organic semiconducting CuPc nanotubes: realization of all-optical diode and switching applications

“…In 1960, Mainman's discovery of laser technology laid the foundation for studying nonlinear optics (NLOs), which involve the interaction of high-intensity laser light with matter. 1 Over time, various methods such as Z-scan, 2,3 four-wave mixing (FWM), 4,5 third harmonic generation (THG), 6 second harmonic generation (SHG), 7 and spatial self-phase modulation (SSPM) 8,9 have been developed to analyze nonlinear optical parameters. Among these methods, SSPM has gained significant attention in recent years due to its relatively simple experimental setup and short measurement time as compared to others.…”

Preparation and Characterization of a Novel Morphosis of Dextran and Its Derivatization with Polyethyleneimine

“…The results of crystallization can vary depending on the rate of evaporation, with differences observed between slow and rapid evaporation methods, such as oven drying and spray drying. Maidur et al have documented the successful preparation of optically transparent single crystals of two pyridine-based anthracene chalcones using the slow evaporation solution growth technique [3]. Similarly, Hetmanczyk et al have reported the formation of two polymorphic forms of hydroxy acetophenone through slow and fast evaporation of polar and non-polar solutions, respectively [4].…”

“…Dextran is an α-glucan variant characterized by a continuous main chain of α- (1,6) glycosidic bonds and branch linkage through α-(1,2), α- (1,3), and α- (1,4) glycosidic bonds [5]. The high proportion of α- (1,6) bonds in dextran confers high solubility in water, whereas an increased proportion of α-(1,3) bonds reduces solubility.…”

A comprehensive study on the photophysical and non-linear optical properties of thienyl-chalcone derivatives

“…Several chalcone derivatives have been investigated theoretically and experimentally for their NLO properties. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12] Besides the electron-donating/withdrawing strength of substitutional group(s), molecular aggregation was reported to enhance the NLO property of their individual molecules. [13][14][15][16][17][18] The molecular aggregation interplayed via the intermolecular interactions, i.e., dipole-dipole interaction, p-p stacking, hydrogen bonding, or halogen bonding.…”

“…Several chalcone derivatives have been investigated theoretically and experimentally for their NLO properties. 6–12…”