Ultraslim fixed pattern projectors with inherent homogenization of illumination

Sieler, Marcel; Schreiber, Peter; Dannberg, Peter; Bräuer, Andreas; Tünnermann, Andreas

doi:10.1364/ao.51.000064

Cited by 35 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Tiny scanners and projectors: The conventional front-projection systems for free-form screens always require a trade-off between the system complexity and achievable performance, the compound eye structures could potentially use to handle this problem. A microoptical array projector was proposed by Sieler et al (2012Sieler et al ( , 2013, and a novel slide pre-processing algorithm was presented to get the final projected image. A high-speed 3D array projector was proposed by Heist et al (2013), and a combination of Gray code and phase-shifted sinusoidal fringes was used for depth estimation.…”

Section: Applications Of Planar Artificial Compound Eyesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial compound eye: a survey of the state-of-the-art

Jiang

Zhang

et al. 2016

Artif Intell Rev

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An artificial compound eye system is the bionic system of natural compound eyes with much wider field-of-view, better capacity to detect moving objects and higher sensitivity to light intensity than ordinary single-aperture eyes. In recent years, renewed attention has been paid to the artificial compound eyes, due to their better characteristics inheriting from insect compound eyes than ordinary optical imaging systems. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of the state-of-the-art work on artificial compound eyes. This review starts from natural compound eyes to artificial compound eyes including their system design, theoretical development and applications. The survey of artificial compound eyes is developed in terms of two main types: planar and curved artificial compound eyes. Finally, the most promising future research developments are highlighted.

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Section: Applications Of Planar Artificial Compound Eyesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial compound eye: a survey of the state-of-the-art

Jiang

Zhang

et al. 2016

Artif Intell Rev

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“…The compound eyes of arthropods are hemispherical arrays of ommatidia—natural waveguides of ambient light—which impart exceptionally wide fields of view (FOVs) and sensitivity to motion and, in certain cases, to polarization . Efforts to fabricate replicas that mimic these properties are motivated by potential applications in medical imaging, security and surveillance, displays, motion detection, and autonomous navigation . These artificial eyes include planar configurations of microlenses, pinhole arrays and optoelectronic detectors; recent advances in metasurfaces, which are not limited by the paraxial operation of classical thin lenses, also offer entirely new opportunities to image wide angular spaces .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Slim Polymer Film with a Seamless Panoramic Field of View: The Radially Distributed Waveguide Encoded Lattice (RDWEL)

Lin

Hosein

Benincasa

et al. 2018

Advanced Optical Materials

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are not limited by the paraxial operation of classical thin lenses, also offer entirely new opportunities to image wide angular spaces. [21,22] Artificial compound eyes are however predominantly curved or hemispherical constructs including microlens arrays interfaced to photodetectors, [7,16] and elastomeric hemispheres patterned with lenses. [6,[23][24][25] While the fabrication of these architectures typically involves multiple steps and components, soft, single-component eyes have also been generated [26,27] or proposed [28,29] by inducing lens-capped waveguides in UV-polymerizable resins in 2D [26] and 3D [27,28] geometries.Inspired by the collective behavior of ommatidia, we are developing new classes of multifunctional polymer films, which are inscribed with dense arrays or lattices of cylindrical waveguides. [30] In striking contrast to the predominantly hemispherical architectures of natural and artificial compound eyes, these waveguide encoded lattices (WELs) are flexible, slim (≤3 mm), and optically flat, which provides ease of integration into existing light-based technologies such as solar cells, cameras, and smart screens. In addition, distinct from known examples of natural or artificial eyes, WELs also possess translational symmetry, which affords the scalability that is necessary for manufacturing (e.g., roll-to-roll) processes. We generate WELs through a single-step, room-temperature technique that employs large ensembles of nonlinear self-trapped filaments of visible light elicited in photopolymerizable media to permanently inscribe arrays of multimode, polychromatic waveguides. [31][32][33][34] We previously fabricated a WEL consisting of a thin, epoxide film embedded with pentadirectional, intersecting arrays of multimode cylindrical waveguides, which conferred an FOV of 94°, which represented a 66% enhancement relative to an unstructured film. The FOV of this structure corresponded to the sum of the angular acceptance ranges of waveguide arrays oriented along five discrete angles. Significantly, there was no overlap between these five ranges and the consequent discontinuities-or gaps-in the FOV prevented cross-talk between nonparallel waveguides. This, in turn, enabled sophisticated imaging functions such as panoramic imaging, inversion, and focusing that would normally require bulky optics. [30] We now report a WEL that possesses a seamless and significantly enhanced panoramic FOV of 115°, which originatesThe nearly hemispherical field of view (FOV) of arthropodal compound eyes has inspired analogs ranging from curved, lens-patterned domes to planar constructs patterned with microlenses. A radial distribution of cylindrical waveguides that monotonically spans ±33° confers an FOV of 115° to a slim (≤3 mm) polymer film. This is the greatest panoramic FOV reported for any plane-faced, single-component structure. The radially distributed waveguide encoded lattice (RDWEL) waveguides are inscribed in a single, room-temperature step by a large (≈15 000 cm −2 ), converging population of self-trapped...

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“…Typical applications of such arrays are beam homogenizers 53 or micro-optical projectors. 54 The design of an MLA requires the definition of the lattice, meaning defining a pitch value, and an arrangement (square and hexagonal). This generalization from a single microlens to an array changes the approach of the characterization, and consequently, of metrology.…”

Section: Microlens Arraysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Commented review on refractive microlenses and microlens arrays metrology

Béguelin

Voelkel

Scharf

2021

J. Optical Microsystems

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The fabrication of high-quality microlenses is possible only when it is assisted by efficient and accurate metrology. For this reason, developing expertise in measurement procedures is crucial for the micro-optics manufacturer. We review and comment on this topic by first discussing what features of microlenses must be characterized and controlled. We then review the existing techniques and instruments that can be employed for this task. Finally, we detail the limitations of these different methods, we compare them, and we propose practical guidelines to setup effective metrology methodology. We believe that this paper can be an introduction to the topic but also serves as a reference document for the more experienced reader. © The Authors.Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI.

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Ultraslim fixed pattern projectors with inherent homogenization of illumination

Cited by 35 publications

References 15 publications

Artificial compound eye: a survey of the state-of-the-art

Artificial compound eye: a survey of the state-of-the-art

A Slim Polymer Film with a Seamless Panoramic Field of View: The Radially Distributed Waveguide Encoded Lattice (RDWEL)

Commented review on refractive microlenses and microlens arrays metrology

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