“…For the purpose of avoiding this problem, the residual of uncertain differential equation corresponding to the observed data was defined by Liu and Liu [27], and new methods based on residuals were proposed (Liu and Liu [27], Liu and Liu [25]). Until now, a series of real-world observed data have been modeled by uncertain differential equation, such as cumulative number of COVID-19 infections in China (Lio and Liu [19], Chen et al [20], Jia and Chen [11]), plasma folate concentration (Liu and Yang [29]), noise in circuit system (Liu [24]), noise in chemical reaction (Tang and Yang [8]), Alibaba stock price (Liu and Liu [27]), natural gas prices (Mehrdoust et al [7]), and US Dollar to Chinese Yuan exchange rate (Ye and Liu [13]).…”