Under Increased Hydrogen Peroxide conditions, the Antioxidant Effects of Pequi Oil (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) to Decrease DNA Damage in Runners are Influenced by Sex, Age and oxidative Stress-related Genetic Polymorphisms

Abstract

Context: Exhausting exercise, increasing reactive oxygen species, can overwhelm the endogenous antioxidant system's capacity, resulting in oxidative damage to DNA. Deficient antioxidant defenses, influenced by certain genetic polymorphisms, may contribute. Aims: We aimed to investigate whether carotenoid-rich oil from pequi (Caryocar brasiliense) could decrease DNA damage in athletes submitted to increased hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) conditions and in those less genetically favored by antioxidant defenses. Methods and Material: Runners' blood (N = 125) was analyzed after races under the same environment, type, intensity and length of weekly training conditions, before and after 14 days of pequi-oil supplementation. DNA damage was assessed by comet assay before and after H 2 O 2 exposure, with gene polymorphisms of MnSOD Val9Ala, CAT -21A/T, GPx-1 Pro198Leu, del{GSTM1}, del{GSTT1}, ACE and Haptoglobin. Results: Without additional oxidative stress imposed by H 2 O 2 , pequi oil was particularly efficient reducing DNA damage for women, age group of 20-40 years, distance of 8-10 Km and genotypes MnSOD Val/Ala, CAT TT, GPx-1 Pro/Leu, GSTM1 null, GSTT1 non-null, ACE DD and II and Hp1F-2. For treatment with H 2 O 2 at 0.25 mM, pequi oil resulted in decreased DNA damage only for running 16-21 Km; for treatment with 1 mM, decrease was for 20-40 years and genotypes GPx-1 Pro/Pro and ACE ID. Conclusions: Pequi oil's effect on exercise-induced DNA damage was therefore influenced by sex, age and genetic polymorphisms, indicating that: long-distance races can be harmful, mainly for older athletes, due to oxidative stress above organism adaptability; genotypes showed different responses; under increased H 2 O 2 conditions, GPx-1 Pro/Pro and ACE ID genotypes were more responsive to antioxidant supplementation. IntroductIonHydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) is an important representative reactive oxygen species (ROS) that arises during the aerobic respiration process and from other cellular sources.[ [2] However, oxidative stress can be caused by excessive production Key-words: reactive oxygen species; hydrogen peroxide; exercise-induced oxidative stress; exercise-induced DNA damage; comet assay; gene polymorphisms related to oxidative stress Key Messages: the present study can help broaden knowledge of how antioxidant supplementation affects exercise-induced DNA damage and how individual athletic genetic makeup can affect the way athletes respond to antioxidant supplementation against exercise-induced DNA damage.Correspondence Phone numbers: +55 61 3107-3085, Fax: +55 61 3273-4942

The Influence of Erythropoietin (EPO T<b>&#x2192;</b>G) and α-Actinin-3 (ACTN3 R577X) Polymorphisms on Runners' Responses to the Dietary Ingestion of Antioxidant Supplementation Based on Pequi Oil (<b><i>Caryocar brasiliense</i></b> Camb.): A Before-After Study

“…Initially, trained street runners of both genders (53 females and 86 males) of different age groups (15-67), who had a run performance of at least 4,000 m, were recruited in high schools, colleges, universities, clubs and companies in Brasília (Federal District, Brazil), according to previously reported criteria [2,3,4,9,23]. …”

“…), a typical fruit found in the Brazilian Cerrado, has anti-inflammatory properties, besides reducing arterial pressure, exercise-induced DNA and tissue damages, and anisocytosis in runners. Despite these protective effects of pequi oil, some of the responses of the runners were influenced by genetic polymorphisms related to oxidative stress [2,3,4,9]. …”

“…However, despite its potential beneficial effects, exercise, especially above habitual intensity or training, may exceed the endogenous antioxidant system's capacity and often results in oxidative stress and injuries, even in trained individuals [1,2,3]. This oxidative overload, although felt most intensely in skeletal muscles, can lead to an increase in plasma lipid peroxidation plus oxidative damage in many other organs and body systems responsible for regulating and maintaining homeostasis, including the heart, liver, erythrocytes and immune system [1,3,4].…”

Association between interleukin 6 -174 G/C promoter gene polymorphism and runners' responses to the dietary ingestion of antioxidant supplementation based on pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) oil: a before-after study

“…In this context, pequi oil, a carotenoid-rich oil extracted from the pulp of pequi ( Caryocar brasiliense Camb. ), a typical fruit found in the Brazilian Cerrado, has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties, besides reducing arterial pressure, exercise-induced anisocytosis and DNA and tissue damage (Miranda-Vilela et al ., 2009a,b, 2010, 2011a,b). …”

“…Despite these protective effects of pequi oil, some of the responses in runners are influenced by genetic polymorphisms related to oxidative stress and inflammatory markers (Miranda-Vilela et al ., 2009b, 2010, 2011a,b; Ribeiro et al ., 2013). Because some polymorphic genes are able to modify the risk of various diseases, and physical fitness has a genetic component, it would be interesting to study variations in genes that can influence athletic performance and pathogenic processes such as inflammatory responses (Colombini et al ., 2011).…”