Understanding and preventing subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy herds: A review

Krause, K.M.; Oetzel, Garrett R.

doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.08.004

Cited by 556 publications

(554 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…known as sub-acute acidosis that is caused by the presence of VFAs and defined by Owens et al (1998), Krause et al (2006) and Nagaraja and Titgemeyer (2007). This type of acidosis results from the ingestion of feed containing a greater amount of soluble carbohydrate, which causes the animal to ingest more feed than normal, but not in excess.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two types of rumen acidosis exist: the first type, known as subacute rumen acidosis, is relatively mild and is caused by excess VFAs, particularly propionic acid (pK 4.8), and occurs when rumen pH falls below normal levels (5.9-7.2) but remains between 5.6 and 5.1 without necessarily involving clear clinical symptoms (Owens et al 1998, Krause et al 2006, Nagaraja & Titgemeyer 2007. The second type, known as rumen lactic acidosis, is more severe and, in addition to the excess VFAs produced in early stages, involves a large quantity of lactic acid that greatly reduces the pH (below 5.1) due to its strong acidifying potential (pK=3.7).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of sudden melon intake on ruminal parameters of non-adapted sheep

et al. 2016

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RESUMO.-[Efeitos da ingestão súbita de melão sobre os parâmetros ruminais de ovinos não adaptados.] O presente estudo avaliou o efeito da adição à dieta de duas diferentes quantidades de melão com alto teor de açuca-res oferecidos subitamente à ovinos não adaptados. Foram utilizados 12 ovinos mestiços da raça Santa Inês, com 8 meses de idade e pesando cerca der 25 kg providos de cânula ruminal. Os animais recebiam dieta à base de volumoso e foram aleatoriamente divididos em dois grupos iguais que receberam 25 ou 75% de adição de melão picado à dieta. Foram coletadas amostras de conteúdo ruminal nos momentos zero e após 3, 6, 12, 18, e 24 horas da administração do melão. Ovinos do grupo G25% apresentaram acidose por ácido graxo voláteis (subaguda) entre 3 e 6 horas, caracterizada por pH ruminal ligeiramente abaixo de 5,6, aumento discreto na concentração de ácido láctico L e aumento do potencial redox (PR) e tempo de redução do azul de metileno (TRAM) do fluido ruminal. O grupo G75% apresentou acidose láctica ruminal com pH menor que 5,0, alta concentração de Lactato-L e aumento do PR e TRAM e da osmolaridade ruminal. Em conclusão, o oferecimento de grandes quantidades de melão (75% da MS) não é recomendado, mas 25% da MS desta fruta pode ser utilizada na dieta de ovinos com segurança. This study evaluated the effects of varying amounts of melon with high sugar content offered to sheep without prior melon experience and that were not adapted to consuming it. We used 12 eight-month-old, rumen-cannulated crossbred sheep weighing 25 kg each. The animals received a base diet of roughage, and then half were randomly selected to have 25% of their diet replaced with melon (G25%) and the other half had 75% of their diet replaced with melon (75%). Ruminal fluid was collected before administration of melon and at 0, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 h after the administration of the fruit. Sheep from the G25% group presented volatile fatty acid ruminal acidosis (sub-acute) between 3 and 6 h after consumption. This acidosis was characterized by a rumen pH slightly lower than 5.6, increased discrete L-lactic acid content, and increased redox potential (RP) and methylene blue redox (MBR) time of the ruminal fluid. The G75% group presented lactic ruminal acidosis at T6h, characterized by a rumen pH lower than 5.0, high lactate-L content, increased RP and MBR time, and increased ruminal fluid osmolarity. Therefore, offering large amounts of melon (75% of dry matter (DM)) is not recommended but 25% of DM of this fruit can be used safely.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of sudden melon intake on ruminal parameters of non-adapted sheep

et al. 2016

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“…A common practice to increase fiber content in dairy cow rations containing high proportions of corn silage is to include small amounts of high NDF dry forage, typically hay or straw chopped for long particle length (Krause and Oetzel, 2006). Forage length should be sufficient to provide adequate eating and ruminating time and short enough to discourage sorting.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of forage particle length on rumen fermentation, sorting and chewing activity of late-lactation and non-lactating dairy cows

Suarez-Mena

Zanton

Heinrichs

2013

Animal

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The objective of this study was to determine the effects of varying forage particle length on chewing activity, sorting behavior, rumen pH and rumen fill in late lactation and dry dairy cattle, fed rations with similar physically effective NDF but different mean particle length. Treatments consisted of three diets differing only in geometric mean length of forage: hay (5.40, 8.96 and 77.90 mm, for short (S), medium (M) and long (L) diets, respectively) for Experiment 1 (E1), and straw (10.16, 24.68 and 80.37 mm) for S, M and L diets, respectively, for Experiment 2 (E2). Hay or straw comprised the sole source of forage (50% and 75% of ration dry matter (DM) for E1 and E2, respectively). Both experiments used three rumen cannulated Holstein dairy cows, in late lactation for E1 and dry in E2, with 3 3 3 Latin square designs with 14 day periods. In E1, DM intake (DMI; 18.3 6 2.1 kg/day; mean 6 s.e.), pH (6.4 6 0.1), time spent eating (280 6 22.5 min/day), time spent ruminating (487 6 17 min/day), and total time spent chewing (767 6 34 min/day) were not different, whereas eating minutes per kilogram of DMI and NDF intake (NDFI) tended to increase linearly as forage length increased. Rumen digesta volume (l; 113.3 S, 117.8 M and 114.4 L 6 17.1) had a quadratic response, and rumen digesta weight tended to respond quadratically; however, differences were numerically small. In E2, DMI (8.3 6 1.3 kg/day), pH (6.7 6 0.1), time spent eating (236 6 23.5 min/day), time spent ruminating (468 6 45.2 min/day), total time spent chewing (704 6 67.7 min/day) and minutes per kilogram NDFI were not different, whereas minutes per kilogram of DMI had a trend for a quadratic effect. Rumen digesta volume (111 6 18.8 l) and weight (103 6 17.4 kg) were not different. In both experiments, cows sorted against longer particles as determined by a particle length selection index; this behavior increased linearly as particle length increased. Greater forage particle length increased sorting behavior, but had no effect on rumen fermentation or chewing behavior.

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“…Το pH του περιεχομένου της ΜΚ των γαλακτο παραγωγών αγελάδων κυμαίνεται φυσιολογικά μετα ξύ 5,5 και 7 (Krause and Oetzel 2006). Το pH μει ώνεται όταν συγκεντρώνονται στη ΜΚ οργανικά οξέα, όπως τα πτητικά λιπαρά οξέα (οξικό, βουτυρικό και προπιονικό) και το γαλακτικό οξΰ.…”

Section: αιτιοπαθογένεια της υποξείας δυσλεκτικής οξέωσηςunclassified

“…Η προσλαμβανόμενη ποσότητα υδα τανθράκων που ζυμώνονται ταχέως εξαρτάται από την ποσότητα της προσλαμβανόμενης ξηρής ουσίας. Έτσι, οι αγελάδες που καταναλώνουν μεγάλες ποσό τητες ξηράς ουσίας παρουσιάζουν μεγαλύτερες πιθα νότητες εμφάνισης SARA (Krause and Oetzel 2006). Άλλοι παράγοντες που εννοούν την εμφάνιση της νόσου αποτελούν η υγρασία και ο τρόπος επεξεργα σίας των δημητριακών καρπών.…”

Section: αιτιοπαθογένεια της υποξείας δυσλεκτικής οξέωσηςunclassified

Subacute ruminai acidosis in dairy cows

Kitkas

Panousis

Valergakis

et al. 2017

J Hellenic Vet Med Soc

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Subacute or subclinical ruminai acidosis (SARA) is one of the most important metabolic diseases of dairy cows, characterized by a decrease in pH of rumen fluid below 5.5 (up to 5), certain hours after feeding. SARA is commonly found in intensive livestock production systems; so far, its prevalence has been studied only in few countries and was found to be particularly high. The disease is caused by a decrease in rumen pH below normal level, due to an excessive increase of rumen volatile fattyacids (VFA) concentration. The increased concentration of VFA could be due to diets rich in easily fermentable carbohydrates or slow absorption of the VFA by the rumen wall, due to maladjustment in high energy diets. Finely chopped feeds that do not adequately stimulate mastication and rumination, resulting in less production of saliva that acts as a buffer of the rumen fluid pH, seem to play an important role in the etiology of the disease. The diagnosis of SARA, based on its definition, is established by rumen pH determination, at specific time intervals after feeding. Continuous pH data acquisition can be obtained, for research purposes only, by rumen cannulation and immersion in rumen fluid of a pH-meter that continuously transmits pH data to a computer. Alternatively, the pH-measuring device can be inserted orally into the rumen in a bolus form, which is also a transmittersending the pH data continuously to a computer. The latter method is very promising for clinical practice, but, unfortunately, is currently too expensive. It is easier and more affordable for practitioners to obtain a rumen fluid sample by either using a rumen tube or, preferably, by performing rumenocentesis, by which rumen fluid free of "contaminating" saliva is collected. Rumenocentesis is safe, easy to perform and more accurate than rumen tubing. The impact of SARA in dairy cows includes,amongst others, reduction of milk production, milk fat content depression, laminitis and, therefore, lameness, liver abscesses formation and, therefore, caudal vena cava syndrome, increased culling rate without any obvious cause etc. SARA treatment and prevention is mainly based on management and dietary measures that eliminate the causes of the disease.

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Understanding and preventing subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy herds: A review

Cited by 556 publications

References 56 publications

Effects of sudden melon intake on ruminal parameters of non-adapted sheep

Effects of sudden melon intake on ruminal parameters of non-adapted sheep

Effect of forage particle length on rumen fermentation, sorting and chewing activity of late-lactation and non-lactating dairy cows

Subacute ruminai acidosis in dairy cows

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