Understanding Factors that Shape Gender Attitudes in Early Adolescence Globally: A Mixed-Methods Systematic Review

Abstract

BackgroundEarly adolescence (ages 10–14) is a period of increased expectations for boys and girls to adhere to socially constructed and often stereotypical norms that perpetuate gender inequalities. The endorsement of such gender norms is closely linked to poor adolescent sexual and reproductive and other health-related outcomes yet little is known about the factors that influence young adolescents’ personal gender attitudes.ObjectivesTo explore factors that shape gender attitudes in early adolescence across different cultural settings globally.MethodsA mixed-methods systematic review was conducted of the peer-reviewed literature in 12 databases from 1984–2014. Four reviewers screened the titles and abstracts of articles and reviewed full text articles in duplicate. Data extraction and quality assessments were conducted using standardized templates by study design. Thematic analysis was used to synthesize quantitative and qualitative data organized by the social-ecological framework (individual, interpersonal and community/societal-level factors influencing gender attitudes).ResultsEighty-two studies (46 quantitative, 31 qualitative, 5 mixed-methods) spanning 29 countries were included. Ninety percent of studies were from North America or Western Europe. The review findings indicate that young adolescents, across cultural settings, commonly express stereotypical or inequitable gender attitudes, and such attitudes appear to vary by individual sociodemographic characteristics (sex, race/ethnicity and immigration, social class, and age). Findings highlight that interpersonal influences (family and peers) are central influences on young adolescents’ construction of gender attitudes, and these gender socialization processes differ for boys and girls. The role of community factors (e.g. media) is less clear though there is some evidence that schools may reinforce stereotypical gender attitudes among young adolescents.ConclusionsThe findings from this review suggest that young adolescents in different cultural settings commonly endorse norms that perpetuate gender inequalities, and that parents and peers are especially central in shaping such attitudes. Programs to promote equitable gender attitudes thus need to move beyond a focus on individuals to target their interpersonal relationships and wider social environments. Such programs need to start early and be tailored to the unique needs of sub-populations of boys and girls. Longitudinal studies, particularly from low-and middle-income countries, are needed to better understand how gender attitudes unfold in adolescence and to identify the key points for intervention.

Attitude towards gender roles and violence against women and girls (VAWG): baseline findings from an RCT of 1752 youths in Pakistan

“…Research on social norms and gender attitudes shows that these are generally influenced by both peers and family behavior [3]. Our analysis supports that peer violence is associated with patriarchal gender attitudes.…”

“…A recent review found that male peer groups enforce competition, toughness, and heterosexual prowess. Boys who fail to achieve local masculinity standards are bullied and ridiculed by their peers [3]. …”

“…If gender inequitable attitudes are held and roles imposed or embraced in adolescence, adult women are at greater risk of intimate partner violence. According to Kagesten systematic review of literature on factors that shape gender attitudes in early adolescence across different cultural settings globally found 82 articles but 90% of these were from North America and Western Europe [3]. There were three papers from South Asia, India, and none from Pakistan.…”

“…It was found that influences of key groups in adolescents’ lives including family and peers are central in young adolescents’ construction of gender attitudes. Further, that gender socialization processes differed for boys and girls [3]. …”

“A Boy Would Be Friends With Boys … and a Girl … With Girls”: Gender Norms in Early Adolescent Friendships in Egypt and Belgium

“…Gender norms and gender attitudes are thought to play an important role in determining health outcomes, as patterns of sex-differential morbidity and mortality emerge in early adolescence [7,8]. Parents and peers are central to the development of adolescents' gender attitudes worldwide [9]. Peer relationships are especially salient as adolescents age [10].…”