“…With the development of Web services technology and SOA (Service Oriented Architecture), simulation resources are increasingly deployed and published as Web services in geographic modeling and simulation systems to support sharing and reuse (Wen et al, 2017;Chen et al, 2020;Niknejad et al, 2020), such as eHabitat, a web processing service for ecosystem simulation (Dubois et al, 2013), and AWARE, a water resource monitoring and prediction framework (Granell et al, 2010;Gan et al, 2020). In addition, based on the SOA, for the development of open science (Woelfle et al, 2011;Nosek et al, 2015), different geographers and experts have conducted preliminary explorations on open geographic modeling and simulation research modes, such as SWATShare (Rajib et al, 2016), HydroShare (Bandaragoda et al, 2019;Gan et al, 2020), and OpenGMS (Open Geographic Modeling and Simulation Systems) (Wen et al, 2013;Yue et al, 2015Yue et al, , 2018Yue S S et al, 2016;Wang et al, 2018Wang et al, , 2020Zhang et al, 2019Zhang et al, , 2020Chen et al, 2020).…”